Late Cretaceous exhumation history of an extensional extruding wedge (Graz Paleozoic Nappe Complex, Austria)   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Krenn Kurt  Fritz Harald  Mogessie Aberra  Schaflechner Johannes 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2008,97(6):1331-1352

Late Cretaceous structures within the eastern Graz Paleozoic Nappe Complex define an extruding wedge with north-eastward directed thrusting in eastern portions and strike-slip shear along the margins. Stacking structures are overprinted by south-westward directed extension with low-grade metamorphic rocks in the hangingwall and high-grade basement rocks in the footwall. Pressure–temperature and structural data are obtained from successively opening quartz veins that record various stages of progressive deformation and metamorphism. Fluid inclusion data and related structures show that during extension isothermal decompression from ca. 550°C and 8 kbar down to ca. 450°C and 2 kbar was related to exhumation of rocks from deep crustal levels. The data point to a high geothermal gradient and explain condensed paleo-isotherms due to ductile normal faulting in the eastern areas of the Graz Paleozoic Nappe Complex. The investigated Late Cretaceous structural elements suggest that the Graz Paleozoic Nappe Complex decoupled from the surrounding basement units and operated as a large-scale extension–extrusion corridor that evolved prior to Miocene extrusion tectonics in the Eastern Alps.  相似文献   

Late-Variscan fluid migration at the Variscan thrust front of Eastern Belgium: numerical modelling of the palaeothermal and fluid flow field     

B. Lünenschloss  P. Muchez  U. Bayer 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2008,97(6):1201-1212

Modelling of the palaeothermal field at the Variscan thrust front in eastern Belgium indicates significant temperature modifications by late-Variscan palaeofluids migrating from internal to peripheral parts of the orogen. A detailed set of calibration data (chlorite geothermometry, microthermometry, organic rank) gives evidence of temporary palaeotemperature variations at the Variscan thrust front obviously connected to the migration of hot, low saline palaeofluids. These thermal events likely enhanced organic maturation (vitrinite reflectance, conodont alteration) of Devonian and Carboniferous sediments, which accumulated long before the Variscan orogeny occurred. Numerical simulation (2D Finite Element method) of the palaeothermal field includes coupled heat transport by thermal conduction and fluid flow. Palaeothermal scenarios yield successive palaeotemperatures (200–300°C), which are indicated by the control data, due to relatively short-term fluid ascent along the detachment and the imbricate thrust front. The simulated flow velocities are up to tens of metre per year lasting several thousand years (non-steady-state solution). In the scenarios modelled, these thermal events occur in a realm of enhanced bulk temperatures due to elevated basal heat flow densities (90 mW m⁻²) and an additional burial depth of some kilometres. The simulated temperature enhancement due to fluids ascending at the Variscan thrust front is several tens degrees. The scenarios demonstrate long-distance fluid migration during or after deformation of the Palaeozoic basin and its effect on the palaeothermal field.  相似文献   

Thermal modelling of the Larderello geothermal field (Tuscany,Italy)     

Bruno Della Vedova  Claudio Vecellio  Stefano Bellani  Umberta Tinivella 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2008,97(2):317-332

We present a 3-D thermal model of the Larderello geothermal field (Tuscany) to evaluate (1) the extent and contribution of the heat transfer mechanisms (conduction vs. convection) at the intermediate-upper crust levels, (2) the variability of the heat and mass fluxes entering from below and (3) the crucial role of the formation permeability. The model, composed by three main layers, considers the upper 10 km of the crust to better constrain the simulations with experimental data from borehole, fluid inclusion studies and hypocentral distributions. Several sets of simulations were carried out with different bottom boundary temperatures and different formation permeabilities for the two deeper layers. The results indicate that the present temperature (T) and pressure distributions in the Larderello field require deep reservoir rocks with higher permeability than the overlying capping units and underlying intermediate crust. Permeability values of 1 mDarcy for the reservoir rocks are enough to allow fluid convection, if the temperature at 10 km depth is as high as 500 ± 50°C. The presence of localized zones with formation permeability 50–100 times higher than the surrounding rocks strongly favours the migration of over-pressurized fluids, which episodically break through the overburden, feeding the presently exploited geothermal fields.  相似文献   

成矿地质流体体系的主要类型   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

刘建明  赵善仁  刘伟  储雪蕾  常旭 《地球科学进展》1998,13(2):161-165

地壳中可划分出五大类不同的成矿地质流体体系：①与大陆地壳中—酸性岩浆热事件有关的热液流体体系;②与海底基性火山活动有关的热液喷流流体体系;③与海相沉积盆地演化有关的盆地流体体系;④与区域变质作用有关（含与大型剪切带有关）的变质流体体系;⑤与地幔排气过程有关的深部流体体系。简要讨论了每个成矿流体体系的发生、演化、特征和成矿作用。并指出,成矿地质流体体系的时间—空间演化动力学轨迹实际上就是热液矿床的相继定位以及有关的矿床系列不断被完成的过程,这也就是我们所要认识的、矿床在时间和空间上的成矿规律。  相似文献   

胶东断裂蚀变带构造-流体成矿规律研究     

吕承训  吴淦国  Norbert H. MAERZ  Kenneth J. BOYKO 《地质论评》2016,62(S1):317-318

胶东是目前中国最大的金矿集中区,矿床位于花岗岩与老地层之间的区域剪切断裂带,围岩是在花岗岩区段的断裂破碎蚀变岩带,成矿作用与岩浆期后热液交代直接有关。区域构造-流体研究的一个难题是：如何选择既能保证流体包裹体分析质量,又可以观测交代蚀变阶段构造应力应变的岩石样品。本文选择断裂蚀变带中钾长石化和绢英化两个蚀变岩带采集样品,试图解决区域流体研究中的问题。研究发现,胶东区域断裂蚀变岩带构造与热液的物理化学条件变化具有规律性：在钾长石化蚀变阶段,西部构造强度更强,而在绢英岩化蚀变阶段,东部构造应变值相对更大;钾长石化阶段的流体温度西部低东部高,绢英岩化阶段西部高东部低,显示了热力来源东部更强。胶东区域主要断裂蚀变岩带的构造附加静水压力从西到东逐渐降低,表明区域成矿热液的流动方向为自西向东。绢英化蚀变岩流体成分的区域变化显示：Na+/K+变化预示,胶东西部K+富集,有利于金的富集成矿,而胶东东部Na+富集,利于成矿流体的迁移;CH4和CO2等流体成分的含量自西向东逐渐降低,与金元素富集正相关。胶东区域断裂蚀变岩带的构造-流体特征揭示了成矿热液在胶东地区自西向东运移的趋势。这种趋势影响了这一地区金矿床的规模、矿床类型和分布规律。  相似文献   

Constraining tectonic compression processes by reservoir pressure evolution: Overpressure generation and evolution in the Kelasu Thrust Belt of Kuqa Foreland Basin,NW China     

《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2016

The Kuqa Foreland Basin (KFB) immediately south of the South Tianshan Mountains is a major hydrocarbon producing basin in west China. The Kelasu Thrust Belt in the basin is the most favorable zone for hydrocarbon accumulations. Widespread overpressures are present in both the Cretaceous and Paleogene reservoirs with pressure coefficients up to 2.1. The tectonic compression process in KFB resulted from the South Tianshan Mountains uplift is examined from the viewpoint of the overpressure generation and evolution in the Kelasu Thrust Belt. The overpressure evolution in the reservoir sandstones were reconstructed through fluid inclusion analysis combined with PVT and basin modeling. Overpressures at present day in the mudstone units in the Kelasu Thrust Belt and reservoir sandstones of the Dabei Gas Field and the Keshen zone are believed to have been generated by horizontal tectonic compression. Both disequilibrium compaction and horizontal tectonic compression are thought to contribute to the overpressure development at present day in the reservoir of the Kela-2 Gas Field with the reservoir sandstones showing anomalously high primary porosities and low densities from wireline log and core data. The overpressure evolution for the Cretaceous reservoir sandstone in the Kelasu Thrust Belt evolved through four stages: a normal hydrostatic pressure (>12–5 Ma), a rapidly increasing overpressure (∼5–3 Ma), an overpressure release (∼3–1.64 Ma) and overpressure preservation (∼1.64–0 Ma). Overpressure developed in the second stage (∼5–3 Ma) was generated by disequilibrium compaction as tectonic compression due to the uplift of the Tianshan Mountains acted at the northern monocline of KFB from 5 Ma to 3 Ma, which provided abundant sediments for the KFB and caused the anomalously high sedimentation rate during the N₂k deposition. From 3 Ma to 1.64 Ma, the action of tectonic compression extended from the northern monocline to the Kelasu Thrust Belt and returned to the northern monocline of KFB from 1.64 Ma to present day. Therefore, the horizontal tectonic compression was the dominant overpressure mechanism for the overpressure generation in the third stage (∼3–1.64 Ma) and overpressure caused by disequilibrium compaction from 5 Ma to 3 Ma was only preserved in the Kela-2 Gas Field until present day.  相似文献   

Gas hydrate accumulations related to focused fluid flow in the Pegasus Basin,southern Hikurangi Margin,New Zealand     

《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2016

The Hikurangi Margin, east of the North Island of New Zealand, is known to contain significant deposits of gas hydrates. This has been demonstrated by several multidisciplinary studies in the area since 2005. These studies indicate that hydrates in the region are primarily located beneath thrust ridges that enable focused fluid flow, and that the hydrates are associated with free gas. In 2009–2010, a seismic dataset consisting of 2766 km of 2D seismic data was collected in the undrilled Pegasus Basin, which has been accumulating sediments since the early Cretaceous. Bottom-simulating reflections (BSRs) are abundant in the data, and they are accompanied by other features that indicate the presence of free gas and concentrated accumulations of gas hydrate. We present results from a detailed qualitative analysis of the data that has made use of automated high-density velocity analysis to highlight features related to the hydrate system in the Pegasus Basin. Two scenarios are presented that constitute contrasting mechanisms for gas-charged fluids to breach the base of the gas hydrate stability zone. The first mechanism is the vertical migration of fluids across layers, where flow pathways do not appear to be influenced by stratigraphic layers or geological structures. The second mechanism is non-vertical fluid migration that follows specific strata that crosscut the BSR. One of the most intriguing features observed is a presumed gas chimney within the regional gas hydrate stability zone that is surrounded by a triangular (in 2D) region of low reflectivity, approximately 8 km wide, interpreted to be the result of acoustic blanking. This chimney structure is cored by a ∼200-m-wide low-velocity zone (interpreted to contain free gas) flanked by high-velocity bands that are 200–400 m wide (interpreted to contain concentrated hydrate deposits).  相似文献   

基于CFD动力降尺度的复杂地形风电场风电功率短期预测方法研究     

马文通  朱蓉  李泽椿  龚玺 《气象学报》2016,74(1):89-102

复杂地形导致近地层风场时空变化大,是影响风电场短期风电功率预测准确率的重要因素。为此,基于中尺度数值预报模式和微尺度计算流体力学模式,建立了风电场短期风电功率动力降尺度预测系统。该系统由中尺度数值预报模式、微尺度风场基础数据库、风电功率预测集成系统组成,能够预测复杂地形风电场中每台风电机组未来72 h逐15 min的发电量。提高了复杂地形风场发电功率预测准确率,同时还可以在上报电网的风电功率预测结果中考虑运行维护计划和限电等因素对实际并网功率的影响。2014年7月-2015年1月的业务预测试验表明,风电场短期风电功率动力降尺度预测系统的月预测相对误差均小于0.2,满足中国国家电网对风电功率预测误差和时效性的业务要求。动力降尺度技术不受具体项目地形复杂程度和历史观测数据样本量的限制,可以在新建风电场中推广应用,具备实际的可操作性。   相似文献   

基于CFD技术的陡峭山体风场模拟方法研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李磊  张立杰  陈柏纬 《气象学报》2016,74(4):613-622

为更好将计算流体力学(CFD)技术应用于陡峭山体的风场模拟研究,文中对其中两个关键技术问题进行了研究,一是适宜的CFD解域顶高问题,二是入流边界条件设置方法问题。研究采用了香港国际机场的多普勒雷达径向速度观测资料,通过CFD模拟结果与观测结果对比验证展开研究。对于解域顶高,一般环境流体力学或建筑风工程领域要求顶高越高越好,例如5倍于地面障碍物的垂直高度,究其原因,主要是为了获得地面障碍物周边的整个流场结构,避免顶边界过低影响障碍物顶部流场的准确性。通过数值试验发现,若模拟关心的区域为较低海拔高度时,不必完全拘泥于该要求,对一座高度为1000m量级的山体进行模拟,顶高为3000和6000m的两组试验在边界层中低部给出的模拟结果没有显著差别。进行了3组边界条件设置方法的对比试验,结果表明单纯采用廓线法不足以充分描述来流信息,二维插值法尽管提供了更高分辨率的边界数据,但其结果总体上逊于0维插值法。研究表明,CFD可以很好地描述山地激发的涡旋/波动脱体运动,比单纯采用中尺度模式效果要好得多。在利用CFD工具研究复杂山地风场时,应本着"实用主义"的精神设置物理模型、参数和选取适当的方法、边界条件,以达到模拟精度和计算量的优化平衡,并足以用于研究所关心的具体问题。  相似文献   

Reviews on Ancient Halophilic Microbes in Halite Fluid in Clusions     

Wang Jiuyi  Liu Chenglin 《地球科学进展》2016,31(12):1220-1227

Fluid inclusions trapped in ancient evaporites can contain a community of halophilic prokaryotes and eukaryotes that inhabited the surface brines from which the minerals formed. Entombed in the fluid inclusions in evaporites, some of these halophilic microbes remain viable for at least tens of thousands of years and possibly for hundreds of millions of years, even under high salinity, low oxygen, high radiation, low nutrient concentration. This review presents the scientific history of discovery, isolation, and culture of ancient halophilic microbes in halite fluid inclusions. We elucidated the controversy associated with the ancient halophilic microbes between geologists and geomicrobiologists. Major concerns and future perspectives on halophiles research were proposed. We emphasized that lithofacies analysis and depositional environment determination on evaporites are prerequisites before any microbiological survey, and rigorous biological protocol must be obeyed at all retrieval procedures for ancient microorganisms. We suggested that future study related to ancient halophilic microbes should focus on other evaporites such as gypsum, glauberite, and trona, characterize and identify older halophiles; clarify metabolic mechanism for longevity of ancient microorganisms.  相似文献