坡地系统土壤侵蚀定量评价方法   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

徐恒力  陈植华 《地球科学》1997,22(6):652-655

区域性土壤侵蚀的定量评在涉及到泥沙输移的非连续性难题和众多的非确定性因素，目前应用较普遍的小区定量难以适用。所提出的定量评价方法是利用ＧＩＳ技术、模糊数学、将以分布参数为特征的区域坡地系统划分成若干类具有集中参数特征的基本侵蚀单元，结合ＵＳＬＥ方程来模拟空间上不同侵蚀背景条件下土壤侵蚀的强度，并可以确定影响土壤侵蚀的主要因子及其排序，该方法适用性强，可用于不同空间尺度的土壤侵蚀定量评价。  相似文献   

多相地貌单元场地勘察中基岩与卵砾石、孤石的鉴别     

沈振  李成旺  沈飞 《城市地质》2004,16(4):26-28

在多相地貌单元场地勘察中，基岩与卵砾石的鉴别难度较大。应利用初步感性认识、钻进状态、岩样特征等多手段对基岩与卵砾石进行判别，以提高判别率。  相似文献   

建立混合经济架构，奠定地勘单位长远发展基础     

魏建全 《中国煤田地质》2004,16(6):63-64,66

分析了非公有制经济对国有地勘队伍经济体制的影响，论述了适时改革地勘单位产权制度的必要性，提出了地勘单位应该建立混合经济架构的设想，为其长远发展奠定基础。  相似文献   

中国大陆科学钻探主孔0～2000米流体剖面及流体地球化学研究   总被引：13，自引：6，他引：13  

罗立强孙青  詹秀春 《岩石学报》2004,20(1):185-191

地下深部流体的来源与演化的研究已成为国际地球化学领域的探索前沿和研究热点之一，中国大陆科学钻探(CCSD)为开展深部流体地球化学研究提供了珍贵的样品，构建了探索地下流体的研究平台。中给出了中国大陆科学钻探(CCSD)主孔He、Ar、N2、O2、H2、CH4、CO2流体地球化学剖面。CCSD主孔CH4浓度的变化与H2浓度的升降没有显相关性；CO2浓度的变化与钻井条件下的氧含量无显相关性；CO2浓度与CH4浓度的关系有三种情况：CO2浓度与CH4浓度不相关、CO2浓度与CH4浓度负相关、或CO2浓度与CH4浓度正相关；氦浓度的增加与CO2和CH4浓度的上升呈现一定的正相关。大气中N2、O2、Ar浓度太高，掩盖了井中N2、O2、Ar气体组分浓度变化，通常情况下N2、O2、Ar浓度变化难以作为深源气体的判据。CCSD流体与KTB流体中氧．氮关系基本一致，氧、氮线性相关(r=0.97)，表明这两种气体主要来源于大气。KTB中的CH4与乙烷、N2表现出非常强的线性关系，而在CCSD流体中CH4与乙烷、N2之间不存在线性相关性。两个地区间的流体成因、围岩相互作用机理等方面可能有所不同。在CCSD主孔中，目前已发现存在大量的CO2，及少量CO、CH4、C2H6、C3H8、C4H10和He、N2等气体。已确定300～2000米主孔出现多处来自于地下的气体异常，包括甲烷和C2～C4等烃类气体，一氧化碳与二氧化碳，稀有气体氦。根据流体各组分间相关性研究，可以判定异常中氧主要来源于大气，N2、Ar和CO2有一部分源于大气，一部分来源于地下。在流体显异常时，甲烷等烃类气体、氦、一氧化碳和绝大部分CO2来源于地下。出现显地下流体异常处，在岩石中存在裂隙、晶洞、破裂面、断层；它们作为流体迁移通道或存储空间，可能是流体存在的必要条件。某些CO2和He气异常与碳酸盐和铀矿石等围岩密切相关。  相似文献   

内蒙古赤峰地区安家营子金矿成矿流体研究   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6  

李永刚翟明国  苗来成薛良伟  朱嘉伟关鸿 《岩石学报》2004,20(4):961-968

该金矿床产于晚燕山期安家营子二长花岗岩岩体内,受NNE向断裂带控制。矿化类型属蚀变岩型。矿物包裹体研冤表明,成矿流体为CO2-H2O-NaCl-KCl体系,来自安家营子花岗岩浆期后热液,其氢氧同位素组成分别为δD=-80.0~-96.5‰,δ18OH2O=4.5~5.7‰。主成矿期四个成矿阶段包裹体的均一温度和盐度分别为Ⅰ=340~360℃:Ⅱ=315~330℃,3.80~6.20 wt％／NaCl,CO2密度0.2~0.3 g／cm3;Ⅲ=245~285℃,3.5~4.5 wt％NaCl:Ⅳ=150~170℃,<2.0wt％NaCl。成矿流体盐度和CO2密度均较低。包裹体气相成分中(CH4 CO)／CO2<0.1,成矿环境为弱还原条件;液相成分中K Na 总量较高,K >Na 有利于碱质交代成矿作用。根据CO2包裹体获得资料计算,成矿压力为500~750×105Pa,成矿深度为2.0~2.5 km。流体控矿因素有水-岩反应、CO2与H2O-NaCl溶液不混溶和硫浓度降低等。其中以水-岩反应为主,它贯穿成矿全过程,控制原始成矿流体由碱性向弱碱性-弱酸性变化,使流体发生交代成矿作用。  相似文献   

沉积盆地中的流体包裹体：理论基础、图解与分析方法     

JeanDUBESSY 《岩石学报》2004,20(6):1301-1318

本文主要介绍如何利用流体包裹体来获得合理的数据。首先对H2O-体系进行总结，着重介绍利用显微测温法和其他新的分析技术来确定流体的组成，并举例说明流体混合在流体包裹体研究中的应用。介绍了H2O-(气)-盐体系特别是CO2-CH4体系的图解，探讨了在低温下由于笼舍物的形成H2O-(气)-盐体系的复杂相变。重点介绍显微激光拉曼光谱仪在含甲烷水溶液流体中的应用，并根据相图详细讨论了如何确定流体的不混溶。  相似文献   

面雨量不均对GIUH非线性改正探讨     

王煌赵会强  林隆钊孙春鹏 《水文》2004,24(6):14-16

地貌单位线(GIUH)基于流域地貌特征和概率方法，在我国许多地区得到广泛应用。针对面雨量分布不均问题，通过分析初始概率的变化，考虑GIUH的非线性改正，并用实际资料进行了验证。  相似文献   

Genetic significance of fluid inclusions in the CSA Cu–Pb–Zn deposit, Cobar, Australia     

Alan D. Giles  Brian Marshall   《Ore Geology Reviews》2004,24(3-4):241

CSA mine exploits a ‘Cobar-type’ Cu–Pb–Zn±Au±Ag deposit within a cleaved and metamorphosed portion of the Cobar Supergroup, central New South Wales. The deposit comprises systems of ‘lenses’ that encompass veins, disseminations and semi-massive to massive Cu–Pb–Zn ores. The systems and contained lenses truncate bedding, are approximately coplanar with regional cleavage and similarly oriented shear zones and plunge parallel to the elongation lineation. Systems have extreme vertical continuity (>1000 m), short strike length (400 m) and narrow width (100 m), exhibit vertical and lateral ore-type variation and have alteration haloes. Models of ore formation include classical hydrothermalism, structurally controlled remobilisation and polymodal concepts; syntectonic emplacement now holds sway.Fluid inclusions were examined from quartz±sulphide veins adjacent to now-extracted ore, from coexisting quartz–sulphide within ore, and from vughs in barren quartz veins. Lack of early primary inclusions precluded direct determination of fluids associated with D₂–D₃ ore and vein emplacement. Similarly, decrepitation (by near-isobaric heating) of the two oldest secondary populations precluded direct determination of fluid phases immediately following D₂–D₃ ore and vein emplacement. Post-decrepitation outflow (late D₃ to early post-D₃) is recorded by monophase CH₄ inclusions. Entrained outflow of deeply circulated meteoric fluid modified the CH₄ system; modification is recorded by H₂O+CH₄ and H₂O+(trace CH₄) secondary populations and by an H₂O+(trace CH₄) primary population. The contractional tectonics (D₂–D₃) of ore emplacement was superseded by relaxational tectonics (D_4P) that facilitated meteoric water penetration and return flow.Under D₂ prograde metamorphism, entrapment temperatures (Tt) and pressures (Pt) for pre-decrepitation secondary inclusions are estimated as Tt300–330 °C and Pt1.5–2 kbar≈Plith (the lithostatic pressure). Decrepitation accompanied peak metamorphism (T350–380 °C) in mid- to late-D₃, while in late-D₃ to early post-D₃, essentially monophase CH₄ secondary inclusions were entrapped at Tt350 °C and Pt=1.5–2 kbar≈Plith. Subsequently, abundant CH₄ and entrained meteoric water were entrapped as H₂O+CH₄ secondaries under slowly decreasing temperature (Tt330–350 °C) and constant pressure (Pt1.5–2 kbar). Finally, with increasingly dominant meteoric outflow, H₂O+(trace CH₄) populations record decreasing temperatures (Tt>300 to <350 down to 275–300 °C) at pressures of Phydrostatic<Pt (1 kbar) <Plith (1.5 kbar).The populations of inclusions provide insight into fluid types, flow regimes and P–T conditions during parts of the deposit's evolution. They indirectly support the role of basin-derived CH₄ fluids in ore formation, but provide no insight into a basement-sourced ore-forming fluid. They fully support post-ore involvement of meteoric water. The poorly constrained entrapment history is believed to span 10 Ma from 395 to 385 Ma.  相似文献   

Structural controls on gold mineralisation and the nature of related fluids of the Paiol gold deposit, Almas Greenstone Belt, Brazil     

Mrcio Anselmo Duarte Ferrari  Asit Choudhuri 《Ore Geology Reviews》2004,24(3-4):173

Chemical analyses suggest that the metavolcanic rocks of the Almas Greenstone Belt (AGB), Tocantins State, Brazil have a continental affinity, possibly related to a continental rift environment. They were metamorphosed to amphibolite facies during a regional tectono-metamorphic event (D_n), retrogressed to greenschist facies assemblages and then hydrothermally altered within dextral strike–slip shear zones (D_n+1). Fracture sets related to D_n+2 intersect S_n+1.The Paiol Gold Mine is one of several mineralised zones within metabasic and meta-intermediate rocks of the AGB. It exploits shoots of sulphide–Au–quartz mineralisation that occupy dilational zones approximately perpendicular to an elongation lineation (L_n+1) within mylonitic foliation S_n+1 (S_n+1=S within the S–C fabric). The dilational zones probably formed due to dextral displacement on sinistrally en echelon C surfaces. Minor amounts of gold may have been introduced or remobilised during D_n+2.Coexisting primary and pseudosecondary fluid inclusions in mineralised quartz veins from ore shoots comprise a high-salinity three-phase type (Type II) and a lower salinity two-phase type (Type I). Homogenisation temperatures for Type II inclusions range from 200 to 410 °C and Type I from 90 to 320 °C. The inclusions and their temperature ranges are believed to reflect heat exchange and some mixing between the two fluid types under relatively constant ambient temperatures, but variable (though broadly declining) fluid temperatures. This took place late in D_n+1 in conjunction with greenschist facies retrogression and localised hydrothermally induced metasomatism.  相似文献   

Conditions of pocket formation in the Oktyabrskaya tourmaline-rich gem pegmatite (the Malkhan field, Central Transbaikalia, Russia)     

Igor S. Peretyazhko  Victor Ye. Zagorsky  Sergey Z. Smirnov  Mikhail Y. Mikhailov 《Chemical Geology》2004,210(1-4):91-111

Coexisting melt (MI), fluid-melt (FMI) and fluid (FI) inclusions in quartz from the Oktaybrskaya pegmatite, central Transbaikalia, have been studied and the thermodynamic modeling of PVTX-properties of aqueous orthoboric-acid fluids has been carried out to define the conditions of pocket formation. At room temperature, FMI in early pocket quartz and in quartz from the coarse-grained quartz–oligoclase host pegmatite contain crystalline aggregates and an orthoboric-acid fluid. The portion of FMI in inclusion assemblages decreases and the volume of fluid in inclusions increases from the early to the late growth zones in the pocket quartz. No FMI have been found in the late growth zones. Significant variations of solid/fluid ratios in the neighboring FMI result from heterogeneous entrapment of coexisting melts and fluids by a host mineral. Raman spectroscopy, SEM EDS and EMPA indicate that the crystalline aggregates in FMI are dominated by mica minerals of the boron-rich muscovite–nanpingite CsAl₂[AlSi₃O₁₀](OH,F)₂ series as well as lepidolite. Topaz, quartz, potassium feldspar and several unidentified minerals occur in much lower amounts. Fluid isolations in FMI and FI have similar total salinity (4–8 wt.% NaCl eq.) and H₃BO₃ contents (12–16 wt.%). The melt inclusions in host-pegmatite quartz homogenize at 570–600 °C. The silicate crystalline aggregates in large inclusions in pocket quartz completely melt at 615 °C. However, even after those inclusions were significantly overheated at 650±10 °C and 2.5 kbar during 24 h they remained non-homogeneous and displayed two types: (i) glass+unmelted crystals and (ii) fluid+glass. The FMI glasses contain 1.94–2.73 wt.% F, 2.51 wt.% B₂O₃, 3.64–5.20 wt.% Cs₂O, 0.54 wt.% Li₂O, 0.57 wt.% Ta₂O₅, 0.10 wt.% Nb₂O₅, 0.12 wt.% BeO. The H₂O content of the glass could exceed 12 wt.%. Such compositions suggest that the residual melts of the latest magmatic stage were strongly enriched in H₂O, B, F, Cs and contained elevated concentrations of Li, Be, Ta, and Nb. FMI microthermometry showed that those melts could have crystallized at 615–550 °C.

Crystallization of quartz–feldspar pegmatite matrix leads to the formation of H₂O-, B- and F-enriched residual melts and associated fluids (prototypes of pockets). Fluids of different compositions and residual melts of different liquidus–solidus P–T-conditions would form pockets with various internal fluid pressures. During crystallization, those melts release more aqueous fluids resulting in a further increase of the fluid pressure in pockets. A significant overpressure and a possible pressure gradient between the neighboring pockets would induce fracturing of pockets and “fluid explosions”. The fracturing commonly results in the crushing of pocket walls, formation of new fractures connecting adjacent pockets, heterogenization and mixing of pocket fluids. Such newly formed fluids would interact with a primary pegmatite matrix along the fractures and cause autometasomatic alteration, recrystallization, leaching and formation of “primary–secondary” pockets.  相似文献