Relating aerial erosion,soil erosion and sub‐soil erosion to the evolution of Lunan Stone Forest,China     

Peng Jian  Cai Yunlong  Yang Minde  Liang Hong  Liang Fuyuan  Song Linhua 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2007,32(2):260-268

Stone forest (‘Shilin’ in Chinese) is a unique karst landform with a complex evolution process. Based mainly on the characteristics and interrelationships of sub‐soil, soil and sub‐aerial erosion in Lunan karst area, the authors develop a triplex erosion model to describe the evolution of stone forest, and apply it to examine the current development stage and the prospect of the Lunan Stone Forest. The study shows that sub‐soil corrosion, a basic driving force for the vertical scope of a stone forest, usually occurs within 10 m below ground surface but is observed to be most active within the top 2 m, which constitutes the best development zone for stone forest. Under modern climatic conditions, the tip of the stone pillars in Lunan karst area is lowering at a rate of 10·4 mm ka^?1, whereas the base of the stone pillars is deepening at 26·17 mm ka^?1. Therefore, the height of stone pillars is increasing at a rate of 15·77 mm ka^?1. Considering that soil erosion in the study area is as high as 650 mm ka^?1, the visible height of the stone forest is actually increasing at a rate of 639·6 mm ka^?1. However, the best evolution time for Lunan Stone Forest has already passed despite the fact that it is still growing taller at the present time. This is because the soil layer, which plays an extremely significant role in the heightening of stone pillars, is rapidly thinning at a rate of 623·83 mm ka^?1. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

长沙市基础教育资源空间可达性和供需匹配度评价   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

马宇  李德平  周亮  张栋  王嘉丞 《热带地理》2021,41(5):1060-1072

以长沙市为例,基于POI、夜间灯光、土地利用、路网、DEM等影响人口空间分布的变量因子,构建随机森林模型将2018年乡镇人口分解到100 m格网中,然后利用成本加权距离法分析基础教育资源的空间可达性,最后利用改进潜能模型计算基础教育资源的供需匹配度。结果表明：1）在村级（社区）尺度,人口空间化结果与统计数据的线性拟合R²达到0.73,优于WorldPop数据集;长沙市人口分布整体呈现“一主两副多点”的空间格局,能细致地刻画分布特征。2）长沙市基础教育资源空间可达性整体较好,分别有97.72%、96.20%和89.46%的居民能在30 min内到达最近的小学、初中和高中;城乡差异明显,设施密集、交通发达区域的基础教育资源可达性较好;可达性较差的村（社区）集中分布在辖区面积大、多林地山区的县（市）。3）长沙市主城区和浏阳、宁乡城区基础教育资源多处于供需均衡状态,但仍有部分区域的资源配置有待加强;镇区基础教育资源供需匹配度处于偏高状态,乡村地区基础教育资源在其服务半径内多处于匹配度高值状态,强度以设施点为中心向外逐渐降低,需要加强校车配置和接收寄宿学生的能力,以扩大生源范围。  相似文献   

基于NOAA数据的近年贵州野火时空分布特征分析          下载免费PDF全文

田鹏举  黄林峰  李慧璇  杨娟  陈娟 《中低纬山地气象》2018,42(6):22-25

本文利用2007～2017年贵州省卫星遥感火险监测数据,对近11年来贵州野外火灾发生的时空分布特征静下来分析,结果如下：1.春季是四季中野火发生频次最高的季节,占了全年的近一半,其次是冬季; 2月份野火发生频次最高,其次是3月份,2～5月发生的野火次数占了全年72.6%。2.近11年遥感监测野火频次总体呈逐年减少的趋势,平均每年减少194起,期间呈现分为2个变化阶段,2007～2010年处于上升趋势,2011～2017年呈现减少趋势。3.从空间分布来看,9个市州中发生野火频次最高的是黔南,占全省的21.3%,黔西南排第二,占全省的19.7%,其后依次是毕节、安顺、黔东南、六盘水、遵义、铜仁、贵阳;森林火灾占总野火频次的一半。  相似文献   

Deforestation-induced costs on the drinking water supplies of the Mumbai metropolitan,India     

《Global Environmental Change》2014

The success of incorporating natural capital into resource- and land-use decisions hinges on the ability to quantify the ecosystem services, forecast the returns to the investments, convert these values into effective policy and finance mechanisms, and the presence of well-functioning institutions and infrastructure. However, ecosystem production functions i.e., the relationship between regulatory functions of the ecosystem and the economic activity it protects or supports are often poorly understood. Even with respect to Forest Watershed Services – a service that is widely recognized and even institutionalized through market based mechanisms in some parts of the world – the biophysical relationships between forests and services such as stream flow stabilization, water quality and water quantity are undefined, particularly for the tropics. For this reason, this study through time series data and multivariate analysis characterizes the relationships between Forest Cover (all lands with tree cover of a canopy density of 10% and above when projected vertically on the horizontal ground with minimum areal extent of 1 ha), water quality and cost of water treatment in the Western Ghats of peninsular India. In particular, the recursive relationship between the economic and environmental components is estimated by tracing the effects through the two-stage model. Annual value of impacts (increased ‘treatment cost’, increased ‘water losses due to backwash and desludging’, and changes in ‘water yield’) induced by loss of Forest Cover is estimated as 64.96 Indian rupee/m³ treated water/ha/year ($1.32/m³ treated water/ha/year). At an annual rate of change in the forest cover by −0.0088% (average annual rate of change in the forest cover between the years 1994–2007) the deforestation induced costs translate to 3.73 million Indian rupee/year ($0.075 million/year) according to the 2010–2011 prices for the Panjrapur treatment plant of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai. Thus, if deforestation is avoided the Municipal Corporation can save significant amount towards recurring costs of water treatment and to some extent mitigate the costs for the development of a new source.  相似文献   

Carbon sequestration effects of shrublands in Three-North Shelterbelt Forest region,China   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

Wenhui Liu  Jiaojun Zhu  Quanquan Jia  Xiao Zheng  Junsheng Li  Xuedong Lou  Lile Hu 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2014,24(4):444-453

Three-North Shelterbelt Forest(TSF) program, is one of six key forestry programs and has a 73-year construction period, from 1978 to 2050. Quantitative analysis of the carbon sequestration of shrubs in this region is important for understanding the overall function of carbon sequestration of the forest and other terrestrial ecosystems in China. This study investigated the distribution area of shrubland in the TSF region based on remote sensing images in 1978 and 2008, and calculated the carbon density of shrubland in combination with the field investigation and previous data from published papers. The carbon sequestration quantity and rate from 1978 to 2008 was analyzed for four sub-regions and different types of shrubs in the TSF region. The results revealed that: 1) The area of shrubland in the study area and its four sub-regions increased during the past thirty years. The area of shrubland for the whole region in 2008 was 1.2 × 10~7 ha, 72.8% larger than that in 1978. The Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Sub-region was the largest shrubland distribution area, while the highest coverage rate was found in the North China Sub-region. 2) In decreasing order of their carbon sequestration, the four types of shrubs considered in this study were Hippophae rhamnoides, Caragana spp., Haloxylon ammodendron and Vitex negundo var. heterophylla. The carbon sequestration of H. rhamnoides, with a maximum mean carbon density of 16.5 Mg C/ha, was significantly higher than that of the other three species. 3) The total carbon sequestration of shrubland in the study region was 4.5×10~7 Mg C with a mean annual carbon sequestration of 1.5 ×10~6 Mg C. The carbon density in the four sub-regions decreased in the following order: the Loess Plateau Sub-region, the North China Sub-region, the Northeast China Sub-region and the Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Sub-region. The paucity of studies and data availability on the large-scale carbon sequestration of shrub species suggests this study provides a baseline reference for future research in this area.  相似文献   

Intermediate-scale analysis of landscape characteristics affecting edge formation in burned forests in Samcheok,Korea     

Sang-Woo LEE  Myoung-Soo WON  Joo-Mee LEE  Hai-Gyoung KIM 《山地科学学报》2014,11(2):384-397

Compared to burn interiors, edges exhibit distinct biotic and abiotic conditions that include microclimate, wind speed, sunlight levels, soil composition, moisture content, nutrient availability, population density, and species diversity. This study characterized the landscapes in which burned forest edges formed in Samcheok, Korea. Over the study area, 500-m2 grid cells were generated to capture landscape characteristics. Grid cells intersecting burn boundary lines were designated as edge, while cells without these lines were classified as the interior of burned areas. Topographic variables including slope, elevation, topographic wetness index, solar radiation index, and proportions of fuel and land use types within grid cells were computed in a geographical information system （GIS）. Correlation analysis with modified t-test and regression tree analysis were performed to explore the influences of landscape variables on edge formation with avoiding spatial autocorrelation problems. The results indicated that edges formed at low elevations with mild slopes, high topographic wetness, and low solar radiation. Edges were unlikely to form in areas dominated by Japanese red pines at low elevations. Moreover, heterogeneous land use/cover types contributed significantly to edge formation. Different forest management strategies for different landscape conditions can be more effective for enhancing resilience of forests to fire. Reducing susceptible fuel types might be effective at low elevations, while enhancing forest heterogeneity might be more effective at high elevations.  相似文献   

Keeping the forest for the climate's sake: avoiding deforestation in developing countries under the UNFCCC     

Claudio Forneri  Jürgen Blaser  Frank Jotzo  Carmenza Robledo 《Climate Policy》2013,13(3):275-294

Abstract

A process for reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries has been initiated under the UNFCCC. Efforts to agree on a legally binding instrument to halt deforestation have previously failed in other international fora. The magnitude of the social, economic, technical and political complexities underlying deforestation have led to negotiations being challenging. What policy instruments could provide incentives to reduce deforestation, and how could these instruments be framed, under the UNFCCC? This article analyses the advantages and disadvantages of the available alternatives within and outside of the Kyoto Protocol. Staying within the Kyoto framework means low institutional development costs, established but limited incentives for action, and low flexibility. Alternatives outside the Protocol provide higher institutional development costs, uncertainties with regard to the incentives, but greater flexibility. We argue that a separate protocol may be the most viable option, as it could offer the necessary flexibility and avoid some technical and political pitfalls that would be likely to beset new efforts under the Kyoto Protocol. The article also presents the concept of ‘committed forests’ as a means of defining geographically where the reduction of emissions from deforestation can take place.  相似文献   

A conceptual framework and its application for addressing leakage: the case of avoided deforestation     

《Climate Policy》2013,13(2):123-136

Abstract

One of the most challenging technical issues associated with project-based mechanisms is that of leakage. A conceptual framework is proposed for the identification and analysis of leakage potentially generated by a project. The categorization of leakage based on the actors responsible for their manifestation is proposed, which divides sources of leakage into primary and secondary types. It is the actors or agents responsible for the baseline activities that cause primary leakage. Secondary leakage occurs when the project's outputs create incentives for third parties to increase emissions elsewhere. This distinction, based on the source of leakage, provides a basis for the analysis outlined in the paper. The extent and type of leakage will vary depending on the project typology and design. Using a decision tree approach, the process of identifying potential sources of leakage is demonstrated for the case study of avoided deforestation projects. If the main elements determining a baseline are properly identified and understood, in particular the ‘baseline agents’, a combination of the decision tree approach and apportioning responsibility, can assist in the quantification and monitoring of primary leakage. An analysis at the project design stage can also assist in minimizing the risk of future leakage. Econometric methods may prove more useful in analyzing secondary leakage.  相似文献   

中国旅游城市星级饭店韧性时空分异及影响因素   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王庆伟  梅林  姜洪强  姚前  石勇  付占辉 《地理科学》2022,42(8):1483-1491

新冠肺炎疫情重创全球旅游业、饭店业,但不同城市旅游业、饭店业应对和适应扰动的能力不同,即韧性存在差异。以中国41个旅游城市的星级饭店为研究对象,构建基于累积损失的韧性评估模型,运用SARIMA、随机森林等方法,探讨新冠肺炎疫情干扰下2020年旅游城市星级饭店韧性的时空分异特征及影响因素。研究发现：①在中国疫情防控成效逐渐趋好的态势下,中国旅游城市星级饭店韧性不断增强,但韧性演变存在差异。②中国旅游城市星级饭店韧性空间分异明显,存在交通廊道效应和地理邻近效应。③影响旅游城市星级饭店韧性水平的主要因素依次为：客房平均出租率增长率、餐饮与客房收入比、人均公园绿地面积、国内旅游收入增长率、空气质量优良率、城镇居民人均可支配收入等,它们对旅游城市星级饭店韧性水平的影响呈现出非线性的复杂作用。对指导新冠肺炎疫情干扰下旅游城市星级饭店韧性增强具有重要的参考价值。  相似文献   

Characterizing stream temperature hysteresis in forested headwater streams     

Lorrayne Miralha  Austin D. Wissler  Catalina Segura  Kevin D. Bladon 《水文研究》2023,37(1):e14795

Stream temperature (T_s) is a key water quality parameter that controls several biological, ecological, and chemical processes in aquatic systems. In forested headwaters, exchanges of energy across air-water-streambed interfaces may influence T_s regimes, especially during storm events as the sources of runoff change over space and time. Analysis of the hysteretic behaviour of T_s during storm events may provide insights into rainfall-runoff responses, but such relationships have not been thoroughly investigated. As such, our objectives were to (a) quantify the variability of stream temperature hysteresis across seasons in different sub-regions and (b) investigate the relationship between the hysteretic response and catchment characteristics. T_s hysteresis during storm events was assessed based on the hysteresis index (HI), which describes the directionality of hysteresis loops, and the temperature response index (TRI), which indicates whether T_s increased or decreased during a storm event. We analysed T_s data from 10 forested headwater reaches in two sub-regions (McGarvey and West Fork Tectah) in Northern California. We also performed a clustering analysis to examine the relationship amongst HI, TRI, topographic metrics, and meteorological characteristics of the study areas. Overall, the hysteretic behaviour of T_s varied across seasons—the greatest HI occurred during spring and summer. Interestingly, in the McGarvey streams the variability in T_s hysteresis co-varied strongly with topographic metrics (i.e., upslope accumulative area, average channel slope, topographic wetness index). Comparatively, in West Fork Tectah the variability of T_s hysteresis co-varied most strongly with meteorological metrics (i.e., antecedent rainfall events, solar radiation, and air temperature). Variables such as the gradient between stream and air temperatures, slope, and wetted width were significant for both sub-regional hysteretic patterns. We posit that the drivers of T_s response during storms are likely dependent on catchment physiographic characteristics. Our study also illustrated the potential utility of stream temperature as a tracer for improving the understanding of hydrologic connectivity and shifts in the dominant runoff contributions to streamflow during storm events.  相似文献