Post-collisional strongly peraluminous granites   总被引：181，自引：0，他引：181  

Paul J. Sylvester 《Lithos》1998,45(1-4):29-44

Strongly peraluminous (SP) granites have formed as a result of post-collisional processes in various orogens. In ‘high-pressure' collisions such as the European Alps and Himalayas, post-collisional exhumation of overthickened crust (>50 km), heated by radiogenic decay of K, U and Th during syn-collisional thickening, produced small- to moderate-volume, cool (<875°C) SP granite melts with high Al₂O₃/TiO₂ ratios. In ‘high-temperature' collisions such as the Hercynides and Lachlan Fold Belt (LFB), there was less syn-collisional crustal thickening (≤50 km). Crustal anatexis was related to post-collisional lithospheric delamination and upwelling of hot asthenosphere, forming large-volume, hot (≥875°C) SP granite melts with low Al₂O₃/TiO₂ ratios. Both clay-rich, plagioclase-poor (<5%) pelitic rocks and clay-poor, plagioclase-rich (>25%) psammitic rocks have been partially melted in high-pressure and high-temperature collisional orogens, with the pelite-derived SP granites tending to have lower CaO/Na₂O ratios (<0.3) than their psammite-derived counterparts. The predominance of pelite-derived SP granites in the Himalayas and psammite-derived SP granites in the LFB suggests that mature continental platforms made up more of the accreted crust in the Himalayan collision than in the LFB.  相似文献   

Characteristics of Compositional Migration in Mylonites from the Ductile Shear Zones of the Southern Tancheng-Lujiang Fault Belt, Eastern Anhui Province   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

YANG Xiaoyong  LUI Deliang  YANG Xueming  WANG KuirenDepartment of Earth  Space Sciences  Advanced Centre for Earth Sciencesand Astronomy  University of Science  Technology of Chin  the Third World Academy of Sciences  Hefei  Anhui  DAI JinxingResearch Institute of Petroleum Exploration  Development  China National Petroleum Corporation  Beijing Zhu Xiling 《《地质学报》英文版》1998,72(1):37-50

On the basis of field geology, three typical ductile shear zones in the southern part of the Tancheng-Lujiang fault belt have been chosen for a detailed study. Altogether ten samples of the tectonites have been collected for this study. The paper is focused on a comprehensive study of the tectonites in the medium-lower horizons of the ductile shear zones. The mineral compositions of the rocks are analyzed with EPMA and some typical whole-rock samples analyzed by chemical and ICP methods. Based on the comprehensive study of the characteristics of the deformation, the mineral assemblages and the changes of chemical composition of the bulk rocks, this paper presents a discussion on the relationship between the volume loss, the fluid flow and compositional changes during mylonitization of the ductile shear zones in this region. Our study shows that there are a large amount of fluids flowing through the shear zones during the process of mylonization, accompanied by the loss of rock volume and migration of el  相似文献   

Redox Processes in Groundwater Impacted by Landfill Leachate   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Leif Basberg  David Banks  Ola M. Sæther 《Aquatic Geochemistry》1998,4(2):253-272

Groundwater downgradient from Trandum municipallandfill was investigated in summer 1996, with a viewto assessing the distribution of redox-sensitivespecies. The water table at Trandum is 10–26 metersbelow the surface. Monitoring well filters have beeninstalled at depths of up to 15 m below water table,covering an area of 400 m by 200 m. Groundwaterinfluenced by the landfill seems to be confined tothis area. Pristine groundwater has a chemicalsignature indicative of calcite and pyrite weathering.Groundwater influenced by leachate from the landfillexhibits an excess of alkalinity relative to calcium,which is likely to be derived from degradation oforganic matter in the landfill. Groundwaterimmediately below and downstream of the landfillcontains elevated concentrations of Fe and Mn, largelymobilized under reducing conditions from the aquifermatrix and reflected in depleted HNO₃-extractable Feand Mn in sediment samples from the same area.Groundwater samples allow the tentative identificationof redox zones based on oxidized and reduced forms ofFe, Mn, N and S. A methanogenic zone is notobserved.  相似文献   

Fracture pattern and electrical resistivity studies for groundwater exploration   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

N. Janardhana Raju  T. V. K. Reddy 《Environmental Geology》1998,34(2-3):175-182

 The occurrence, movement and control of groundwater, particularly in hard-rock areas, are governed by different factors such as topography, lithology, structures like fractures, faults and nature of weathering. An attempt is made in the present study to investigate the extent of the influence of structures such as fractures and thereby delineate the nature of subsurface lithology with the help of an electrical resistivity method. For this study, the Upper Gunjanaeru River basin, Cuddapah district Andhra Pradesh was chosen to determine groundwater potentials. In order to understand the significance of the fracture pattern, geological, hydrogeomorphological and lineament maps were prepared based on the field data and also from the LANDSAT TM imagery. Further, electrical resistivity surveys were conducted to determine the subsurface lithology and also to confirm the studies of LANDSAT imagery. The isoresistivity contour map has been prepared based on the 45 VES conducted to determine the resistivity variations in the study area. The isoresistivity contours obtained were found to conform to the structural trends obtained by geological studies and also confirm the relationship between the structure and secondary porosity present in the rocks. The lineaments in the area have two preferred directions. One set is a NE-SW direction (N 30°–70° E; S 30°–70° W) and another is a NW-SE direction (N 0°–30° W; S 0°–30° E and N 60°–80° W; S 60°–80° E). The water-table contour map shows that the direction of groundwater flow is south to north. Received: 3 March 1997 · Accepted: 17 June 1997  相似文献   

Vertical distribution of pre-settled sandeel (Ammodytes marinus) in the North Sea in relation to size and environmental variables     

Jensen  Henrik; Wright  Peter J; Munk  Peter 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2003,60(6):1342-1351

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我国沿岸某些人为地质灾害的预测     

李从先  庄武艺 《海洋科学》1992,16(1):54-56

沿岸某些人为地质灾害与沉积层的性质有关。我国沿岸沉积层的特征和分布依赖于河流输沙。注入构造沉降带的多为大河,其输沙量占入海河流输沙量的90％以上,且颗粒较细,形成厚层第四纪泥质沉积层。注入隆起带的河流其输沙量少于10％,且以沙砾为主,形成沙砾层。依据我国沿岸沉积层的分布格局,可以预测某些人为地质灾害。  相似文献   

基于MM5的青岛近海风速精细化预报   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

高荣珍  杨育强  孙桂平 《海洋湖沼通报》2007,(4):30-36

本文采用每天发布预报前两个小时的实况信息以及青岛近海风速日变化特征对中尺度模式MM5输出的定点逐时风速预报进行了订正.实践证明,此种数值产品释用方法行之有效.总体而言,可以较大程度地提高风速预报准确率,为实现风速定点、定时、定量的精细化预报提供了较为理想的客观预报方法.2006年8月,通过该方法获得的风速客观预报产品在"青岛国际帆船赛"中发挥了重要作用.  相似文献   

Geochemical zones and reconstruction of late Holocene environments from shallow core sediments of the Pachapadra paleo-lake, Thar Desert, India     

P.D. Roy  W. Smykatz-Kloss 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2008,68(3):313-322

Lithostratigraphy, mineralogy, major and trace element concentrations, carbon and sulphur contents are investigated from a shallow depth profile from Pachapadra paleo-lake, Thar Desert, north-western India, to understand the phases of paleo-hydrology and paleo-limnology. Based on the geochemical proxies (Na/Al, Si/Al, Zr/Al and Ca/Mg) and evaporite mineralogy, the depth profile is divided into three geochemical zones of variable sediment-water interaction, evaporation and aeolian activity. The sub-recent zone (I) enriched in halite (NaCl) indicates low chemical weathering and higher aeolian input. The intermediate relatively humid zone II is enriched in major elements, trace elements and calcite (CaCO₃) and reflects higher chemical weathering in the catchments. Zone III is enriched in gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O) and characterised by lower chemical weathering, higher aeolian activity and evaporation.  相似文献   

Numerical modelling of dyke interaction and its influence on oceanic crust formation   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

D. Kühn  T. Dahm 《Tectonophysics》2008,447(1-4):53

Dykes are an essential element in building oceanic crust, most prominent in sheeted dyke complexes in the upper crust. Since dykes alter the magnitude and orientation of the local stress field, they cannot be treated as passive infillings of extensional fractures.We use a quasi-static, iterative 2-D boundary element method allowing for a wholesale movement of fluid-filled fractures. Effects of stress and pressure gradients, buoyancy and enclosed fluid mass are considered. The implications of the dyke-induced stress field are analysed combining the simulation of fracture propagation with computation of dyke interaction. Dyke interaction occurs by the adaptation of ascending dykes to the stress field caused by previous fractures arrested in the crust and leads to focussing and crossing of dykes. Examples for applications are introduced, concerning e.g. the generation of a magma chamber and the formation of the sheeted dyke complex. Our main results are that the interaction between dykes can be considerable and that the most important controlling factor is stress. The interaction is small when the horizontal tensional stress is large compared to the pressure in the dyke head. Otherwise, dykes tend to attract each other and to form centres of high dyke density or sill layers.  相似文献   

Annual growth zones in stems of Hypericum irazuense (Guttiferae) in the Costa Rican páramos     

Matthew T. Kerr  Sally P. Horn  Henri D. Grissino-Mayer  Lauren A. Stachowiak 《自然地理学》2018,39(1):38-50

The high peaks of the Cordillera de Talamanca in Costa Rica support shrub- and grass-dominated páramo ecosystems that experience stand-replacing wildfires. The dry season that facilitates these fires results in dormancy in plant growth and provides an opportunity to use dendrochronological analyses to determine ages of plants in burn sites to support studies of fire history and postfire vegetation recovery. This study investigates the formation of annual growth zones in stems of the common shrub Hypericum irazuense. Unlike other páramo shrubs, H. irazuense rarely resprouts following fire, instead recovering through seedling recruitment following seed dispersal from the unburned periphery. Laboratory analysis of 19 prepared cross sections from 15 stems shows that samples of H. irazuense from burned areas can provide an estimate of the minimum number of years since the previous fire, supporting earlier work based on field examination of stems. Including a time lag for seedling recruitment or resprouting refines that estimate. Counts of growth zones in most sections coincided with dates of the last known fires. The presence of annual growth zones in H. irazuense places the species within a relatively small group of woody Neotropical species for which annual rings or growth zones have been demonstrated.  相似文献