Accurate ocean tide modeling in southeast Alaska and large tidal dissipation around Glacier Bay     

Daisuke Inazu  Tadahiro Sato  Satoshi Miura  Yusaku Ohta  Kazuyuki Nakamura  Hiromi Fujimoto  Christopher F. Larsen  Tomoyuki Higuchi 《Journal of Oceanography》2009,65(3):335-347

An accurate prediction of ocean tides in southeast Alaska is developed using a regional, barotropic ocean model with a finite difference scheme. The model skill is verified by the observational tidal harmonics in southeast Alaska including Glacier Bay. The result is particularly improved in Glacier Bay compared to the previous model described by Foreman et al. (2000). The model bathymetry dominates the model skill. We re-estimate tidal energy dissipation in the Alaska Panhandle and suggest a value for tidal energy dissipation of 3.4 GW associated with the M₂ constituent which is 1.5 times the estimation of Foreman et al. (2000). A large portion of the M₂ energy budget entering through Chatham Strait is dissipated in the vicinity of Glacier Bay. Moreover, it is shown that the developed model has the potential to correct the ocean tide loading effect in geodetic data more efficiently than the model of Foreman et al. (2000), especially around Glacier Bay.  相似文献   

珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区气温和湿度变化特征     

杨兴国  秦大河  张廷军  康世昌  秦翔 《气象学报》2012,70(4):855-866

珠穆朗玛峰地区由于其独特的自然地理条件、举世无双的高度、脆弱而敏感的环境使其成为气候变化和环境变迁的敏感区.根据2007年5月至2008年8月在珠穆朗玛峰北坡地区7个不同海拔高度观测的逐时气温和空气湿度资料分析了该地区气温和湿度的时空变化特征.结果表明,在海拔5207、5792和5955m高度处的年平均气温分别为0.2、-4.4和-5.4℃,最高气温分别为14.6、9.1和18,6℃,最低气温分别为-24.2、-28.8和- 29.3℃;除在冰川表面以外,空气相对湿度随海拔高度的升高没有明显变化.气温和相对湿度的年变化幅度随海拔高度的升高而减小.由于冰面近地层逆温层顶部暖空气与冷空气的混合作用造成其最高气温出现时间晚于其他下垫面.年平均温度递减率为(0.72±0.01)℃/100 m,并且呈现出明显的季节变化特征.同时结合定日气象站1959--2007年的气温和降水资料,探讨了对珠穆朗玛峰北坡绒布冰川变化的影响.  相似文献   

Evaluating the growth characteristics of a glacial lake and its degree of danger of outburst flooding: Imja Glacier,Khumbu Himal,Nepal     

《Norsk geografisk tidsskrift. Norwegian journal of geography》2012,66(4):255-267

The Imja Glacier Lake (Imja Tsho) (1.03 km² in 2007) is repeatedly cited as one of the most dangerous glacial lakes in the Himalaya with a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) claimed to be imminent. Knowledge of lake development and its dynamics, however, is limited and forecasts of a possible outburst are not scientifically based. Nevertheless, prospects for such a catastrophe are repeatedly exaggerated, attracting alarmist mass media coverage. The paper provides an assessment of the lake expansion rates from 1956 to 2007. Stage 1 (1956–1975), slowest: coalescence of several small supra-glacial ponds; Stage 2 (1975–1978), a short period of most rapid expansion; Stage 3 (1978–1997), slow: gradual expansion of single lake; and Stage 4 (1997–2007), renewed acceleration: mainly eastward expansion into the glacier surface. The lake's water level has fallen from 5041 m to 5004 m (1964–2006). The results show that there is no immediate danger of catastrophic outburst although the dynamics of up-glacier and down-valley lake expansion, fluctuation of lake water level, and dead-ice morphology changes should be continuously and comprehensively monitored. Alarmist prognostications based solely upon rapid areal expansion are counterproductive.  相似文献   

祁连山中段北坡最大降水高度带观测与研究   总被引：14，自引：5，他引：9  

王宁练  贺建桥  蒋熹  宋高举  蒲健辰  武小波  陈亮 《冰川冻土》2009,31(3):395-403

2006年6月至2008年9月,在祁连山中段北坡黑河流域上游进行了降水空间变化的统观测.结果表明:在黑河上游流域中山区,夏季降水量从东向西呈减少趋势,递减率约为80 mm·(100 km)-1;最大降水高度带位于海拔4 500～4 700 m左右,年降水量为485 mm.该高度带与本区最大相对湿度高度层(海拔4 600 m左右)以及夏季气温零温层高度(海拔4 680 m左右)相一致.研究区域2008年夏季的凝结高度大致位于海拔4 900 m左右,个别降水日的凝结高度可降至海拔4 460 m左右.在最大降水高度带以下的高山和中低山区,年降水量随海拔升高的递增率为17.2 mm·(100 m)-1,夏季降水量的递增率为11.5 mm·(100m)-1.  相似文献   

七一冰川消融末期融水化学日变化特征   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2  

武小波  王宁练  李全莲 《冰川冻土》2009,31(6):1080-1085

2006年9月1-8日在祁连山七一冰川作用区水文总控点逐时采集河水样, 并分析水样的主要可溶离子含量、电导率以及pH, 研究冰川作用区水化学组成日变化特征. 结果表明: 消融末期河水中pH的平均值约为7.60, 与离子浓度时间变化过程一致, 说明是偏碱性物质的输入增加了融水中化学物质的含量;SO~(2-)_4, Ca~(2+)分别是浓度最大的阴、阳离子, 属于SO~(2-)_4+HCO~-_3-Ca~(2+)+Mg~(2+)型水. 河水中可溶性离子浓度日变化过程具有不对称性, 表现为快速降低和缓慢的增加过程, 与流量变化呈显著反相关, Pearson相关说明流量是冰川区水化学特征随时间变化的控制性因素;阳离子通量计算显示, 在七一冰川区达54.7 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1), 其日变化过程与流量正相关, 与离子浓度成反相关, 说明径流量也是控制离子通量的主要因素.  相似文献   

祁连山老虎沟12号冰川冰下形态特征分析   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

武震  刘时银  张世强 《地球科学进展》2009,24(10):1149-1158

利用探地雷达对老虎沟12号冰川进行了多个剖面观测,分析了雷达图像反映的冰川内部特征.结果表明通过分析雷达图像中的纹理和位置,雷达波形的振幅和极性变化等信息能够有效的辅助识别冰川内部介质的变化界面位置和估算其规模.在老虎沟12号冰川的部分剖面内部存在冰内空洞、冰内融水空洞、冰下裂隙、冰下河等地貌形态,在冰岩界面和冰川边缘存在规模不等的碎屑层.这说明即使在典型的大陆型冰川,冰川内部结构也可能较为复杂,在冰岩界面处可能存在较强的冰川作用.  相似文献   

Late Miocene paleoenvironment of the Lambert Graben embayment, East Antarctica, evident from: Mollusc paleontology, sedimentology and geochemistry     

Jason M. Whitehead  Werner Ehrmann  David M. Harwood  Claus-Dieter Hillenbrand  Patrick G. Quilty  Charles Hart  Marco Taviani  Vanessa Thorn  Andrew McMinn 《Global and Planetary Change》2006,50(3-4):127-147

The Upper Miocene (10.7–9.0 Ma) Battye Glacier Formation was deposited 250 km inland from the modern Amery Ice Shelf edge in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica. The composition of clay minerals distinguishes a Lower Member, which reflects regional erosion of Precambrian metamorphic basement, from an Upper Member, which records increased erosion of local Permian–Triassic Amery Group strata. The Upper Member was deposited in an ice-proximal environment akin to the modern fjords of East Greenland, with substantial diamict deposition resulting from melting iceberg discharge. The Lower Member was deposited in an ice-distal environment and included the accumulation of the fossil-bearing McLeod Beds. The McLeod Beds contain much siliceous biogenic sediment (≤ 15% opal), which is rare to absent in the predominantly hemipelagic mud of modern East Greenland fjords. The McLeod Beds also contain largely monospecific in situ Hiatella sp. mollusc assemblages suggestive of environmental stress, potentially caused by low salinity melt-water and a high input of terrigenous sediment, which excluded most other benthic taxa. Geochemical results from primary aragonite in Hiatella shells imply large freshwater input into the marine environment during mollusc growth, causing low δ¹⁸O, Na, Mg and high Fe values. The present study indicates that iceberg melt-water influence entering the marine environment was greater during the Late Miocene than today around Antarctica, and documents the paleoenvironment associated with a discrete period of ice margin retreat and marine incursion into the Lambert embayment.  相似文献   

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川消融对气候变化的响应     

李忠勤  沈永平  Li Huilin  Dong Zhiwen  Wang Liwei 《气候变化研究进展》2008,4(Z1)

Current glacier recession under the global warming has aroused world-wide attention.Initiated from 1958,the observations show that over the past 50 years,the glacier has changed remarkably in the aspects of snow-firn stratigraphy,ice formation zone,ice temperature,area and terminus position,etc.These changes are apparently the results of temperature rise in this area.The glacier recession continued throughout the entire observed time period,and showed an accelerated tendency since 1985.Meltwater runoff also increased 84.2% over the last 20 years.  相似文献   

Melt season hydrological characteristics of the Parlung No. 4 Glacier,in Gangrigabu Mountains,south‐east Tibetan Plateau          下载免费PDF全文

Shenghai Li  Tandong Yao  Wei Yang  Wusheng Yu  Meilin Zhu 《水文研究》2016,30(8):1171-1191

With global warming, hazards relating to glacial melt, such as glacial lake outburst floods, are becoming progressively more serious. However, glacial melt processes and their hydrological consequences are very poorly understood. This study collected glacier discharge data from the terminus of the Parlung No. 4 Glacier throughout the melt season (May–October) during 2008, 2010, 2011 and 2012 to study its specific hydrological characteristics. Time series and multivariate regression analyses were employed to investigate the relationships between discharge and meteorological factors involved, as well as their correlation to discharge estimations. The 0‐ to 3‐day time series analysis showed that discharge rates were highly autocorrelated and that discharge was significantly positively correlated to air temperature, vapour pressure and daily incoming shortwave radiation as well as weakly positively correlated to precipitation. A multiple‐regression exponential model using the independent variables of the daily mean temperature and the vapour pressure exclusively was applied to simulate daily discharge in the basin with a high degree of accuracy. On average, July yielded the maximum monthly mean discharge, followed by August. Discharge in July and August accounted for 53% of the total discharge during the main melt season. The daily cycle of discharge changed as the melt season progressed, reflecting hydrological processes and characteristics of snow melt and glacier ice/snow melt, as well as their transitional periods. Subsequently, regular variations in the characteristics of the diurnal cycle of discharge, storage and delay were observed as the melt season progressed. In addition, the reasons behind the inter‐annual variation in the characteristics of discharge and glacier discharge from the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas are compared and discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Surface energy balance of Keqicar Glacier,Tianshan Mountains,China, during ablation period     

Jing Li  ShiYin Liu  Yong Zhang  DongHui Shangguan 《寒旱区科学》2011,3(3):0197-0205

The meteorological data of ablation season in 2005 were recorded by two automatic weather stations on Keqicar Glacier, in the southwest Tianshan Mountains of China. One is operated on the glacier near the equilibrium line with an altitude of 4,265 m (Site A) and another is operated on the glacier ablation area with an altitude of 3,700 m (Site B). These data were used to analyze the meteorological conditions and the surface energy balance (SEB) of Keqicar Glacier. Net radiation was directly measured, and turbulent heat fluxes were calculated using the bulk aerodynamic approach, including stability correction. The ablation value of 0.68 m w.e. derived from four ablation stakes is in close correspondence to the modeled value of 0.71 m w.e. During the observation period, net radiation accounts for 81.4% of the total energy with its value of 63.3 W/m². The rest energy source is provided by the sensible heat flux with a value of 14.4 W/m². Energy is consumed mainly by melting and evaporation, accounting for 69.5% and 29.7% of the total energy with their values of 54.0 and 23.0 W/m², respectively. Radiative energy dominates energy exchanges at the glacier-atmosphere interface, governed by the variation in net shortwave radiation. Net short-wave radiation varies significantly due to the effects of cloudiness and the high albedo caused by solid precipitation. Wind speed influences the turbulent heat fluxes distinctively and sensible heat flux and latent heat flux are much larger in July with high wind speed.  相似文献