建筑物出口的人员疏散研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

赵士达  张楠  赵颖 《震灾防御技术》2015,10(3):639-645

根据建筑物出口疏散的特点,提出了一种改进型的元胞自动机模型。研究了影响人员疏散速度的两个因素:人员之间的相互拥挤产生的冲突和人员移动到出口时由于转弯导致的移动速度减慢。使用数学方法推导得出了摩擦冲突函数和转弯函数。通过计算机仿真与实际疏散实验对比发现,在不考虑转弯因素的情况下,仿真结果与实验结果偏差较大,而在同时考虑相互冲突和转弯因素时的仿真结果与实验结果偏差很小,验证了这两个因素是疏散仿真不可忽略的因素。通过分析仿真结果,验证了本文所采用的模型和函数能够准确地反映实际疏散过程,具有较高的实用价值。  相似文献   

Spherical sliding isolation bearings with adaptive behavior: Theory     

Daniel M. Fenz  Michael C. Constantinou 《地震工程与结构动力学》2008,37(2):163-183

The principles of operation and force–displacement relationships of three novel spherical sliding isolation bearings are developed in this paper. These bearings are completely passive devices, yet exhibit adaptive stiffness and adaptive damping. That is, the stiffness and damping change to predictable values at calculable and controllable displacement amplitudes. The primary benefit of adaptive behavior is that a given isolation system can be separately optimized for multiple performance objectives and/or multiple levels of ground shaking. With the devices presented here, this is accomplished using technology that is inherently no more complex than what is currently used by the civil engineering profession. The internal construction consists of various concave surfaces and behavior is dictated by the different combinations of surfaces upon which sliding can occur over the course of motion. As the surfaces upon which sliding occurs change, the stiffness and effective friction change accordingly. A methodology is presented for determining which surfaces are active at any given time based on the effective radius of curvature, coefficient of friction and displacement capacity of each sliding surface. The force–displacement relationships and relevant parameters of interest are subsequently derived based on the first principles. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Influence of size of granulated rubber and tyre chips on the shear strength characteristics of sand–rubber mix     

P. Anbazhagan  D. R. Manohar  Divyesh Rohit 《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2017,12(4):266-278

Use of scrap tyres in isolation systems for seismic damping, requires a knowledge of the engineering properties of sand–rubber mixtures (SRM). The primary objective of this study is to assess the influence of granulated rubber and tyre chips size and the gradation of sand on the strength behaviour of SRM by carrying out large-scale direct shear tests. A large direct shear test has been carried out on SRM considering different granulated rubber and tyre chip sizes and compositions. The following properties were investigated to know the effect of granulated rubber on dry sand; peak shear stress, cohesion, friction angle, secant modulus and volumetric strain. From the experiments, it was determined that the major factors influencing the above-mentioned properties were granulated rubber and tyre chip sizes, percentage of rubber in SRM and the normal stress applied. It was observed that the peak strength was significantly increased with increasing granulated rubber size up to rubber size VI (passing 12.5 mm and retained on 9.5 mm), and by adding granulated rubber up to 30%. This study shows that granulated rubber size VI gives maximum shear strength values at 30% rubber content. It was also found that more uniformly graded sand gives an improved value of shear strength with the inclusion of granulated rubber when compared to poorly graded sand.  相似文献   

Crystal fractionation in the friction melts of seismic faults (Alpine Fault, New Zealand)     

Laurence N. Warr  Ben A. van der Pluijm 《Tectonophysics》2005,402(1-4):111

Compositional variations are documented in friction melts along the Hari Hari section of the Alpine Fault, New Zealand, with multiple stages of melt injection into quartzo-feldspathic schists. Intermediate to felsic melts were heterogeneous in composition, but all fractions show a common trend, with a tendency for the younger melt layers and glasses to be more alkali − (Na + K) and Si-enriched, while being depleted in mafic (Fe + Mg + Mn) components. These changes are attributed primarily to crystal fractionation of the melt during transport. Farther traveled molten layers were on the whole less viscous, mostly due to a higher melt-to-clast ratio; however, compositional change, together with a decrease in volatile content, produced a progressively more viscous liquid melt with time. The glass phase is interpreted as a remnant of this high viscosity felsic residual melt that was preserved during final quenching. Following initial failure, the formation of largely phyllosilicate-derived, volatile-rich, lower viscosity melt corresponds with a phase of fault weakening. Subsequent rapid crystal fractionation during melt transport, the loss of volatiles and freezing of residual melt contributed to the strengthening of the fault during seismic slip.  相似文献   

Response of base‐isolated nuclear structures for design and beyond‐design basis earthquake shaking     

Yin‐Nan Huang  Andrew S. Whittaker  Robert P. Kennedy  Ronald L. Mayes 《地震工程与结构动力学》2013,42(3):339-356

The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 43‐05 presents two performance objectives for the design of nuclear structures, systems and components in nuclear facilities: (1) 1% probability of unacceptable performance for 100% design basis earthquake (DBE) shaking and (2) 10% probability of unacceptable performance for 150% DBE shaking. To aid in the revision of the ASCE 4‐98 procedures for the analysis and design of base‐isolated nuclear power plants and meet the intent of ASCE 43‐05, a series of nonlinear response‐history analyses was performed to study the impact of the variability in both earthquake ground motion and mechanical properties of isolation systems on the seismic responses of base‐isolated nuclear power plants. Computations were performed for three representative sites (rock and soil sites in the Central and Eastern United States and a rock site in the Western United States) and three types of isolators (lead rubber, Friction Pendulum and low‐damping rubber bearings) using realistic mechanical properties for the isolators. Estimates were made of (1) the ratio of the 99th percentile (90th percentile) response of isolation systems computed using a distribution of spectral demands and distributions of isolator mechanical properties to the median response of isolation systems computed using best‐estimate properties and 100% (150%) spectrum‐compatible DBE ground motions; (2) the number of sets of three‐component ground motions to be used for response‐history analysis to develop a reliable estimate of the median response of isolation systems. The results of this study provide the technical basis for the revision of ASCE Standard 4‐98. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Earthquake parameters affecting the performance of an RC frame with friction damper     

《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2013

In this paper, correlation between the ground motion parameters and the peak displacement demand of a reinforced concrete single degree of freedom system retrofitted by friction dampers is investigated. The aim is to reveal the best parameters that are used in selecting earthquake records for nonlinear dynamic analysis of the system. Performing numerous nonlinear time history analyses, it is observed that different earthquake parameters play role in peak displacement demand related to the ranges formed by the different periods of a reinforced concrete frame, the strength ratio of total system at slip displacement and the stiff/soft soil profiles. For the both soil types, out of sixteen ground motion parameters, the eight, Spectral Response Acceleration, Peak Ground Acceleration, Effective Peak Acceleration, Maximum Incremental Velocity, Peak Ground Velocity, Arias Intensity, Arias Intensity-based Parameter and Effective Peak Velocity correlate better with peak displacement demand.  相似文献   

Characteristic friction coefficient and scale effects in oscillatory porous flow     

Dulce María Pérez-Romero  Miguel Ortega-Sánchez  Antonio Moñino  Miguel A. Losada 《Coastal Engineering》2009

This work presents a simple method to evaluate the performance of a porous breakwater when it is impinged with normal incidence by a non-breaking monochromatic wave train. It is based on: 1) a potential flow model for wave interaction with permeable structures and 2) a set of experimental tests on a rectangular porous structure with uniform granular distribution. A characteristic friction diagram is obtained considering wave energy balance in a control volume, minimising the error between the numerical model and the experimental results for the wave transmission coefficient. Results show that, for large breakwater widths, the reflection process reaches a saturation regime before the waves exit the structure at a distance from the seaside between the interval 0.2 < x/L < 0.45. For larger breakwater widths, the reflection coefficient is almost constant (except for “resonant” conditions) and wave transmission decreases exponentially. Under such conditions, the wave propagation through the porous medium depends on the relative diameter D/L and the porosity of the material; the dependence on the relative breakwater width B/L and the ratio diameter wave height D/H is weak. This diagram intends to be useful for preliminary engineering studies of breakwater's efficiency and performance and as an adequate selection criteria of the experimental stone diameter to minimize scale effects in laboratory studies.  相似文献   

A Lagrangian model for boundary layer growth and bed shear stress in the swash zone     

M.P. Barnes  T.E. Baldock 《Coastal Engineering》2010

A new model for the boundary layer development and associated skin friction coefficients and shear stress within the swash zone is presented. The model is developed within a Lagrangian reference frame, following fluid trajectories, and can be applied to both laminar flow and smooth turbulent flow. The model is based on the momentum integral approach for steady, flat-plate boundary layers, with appropriate modifications to account for the unsteady flow regime and flow history. The model results are consistent with previous measurements of bed shear stress and skin friction coefficients within the swash zone. These indicate strong temporal and spatial variation throughout the swash cycle, and a clear distinction between the uprush and backwash phase. This variation has been previously attributed the unsteady flow regime and flow history effects, both of which are accounted for in the new model. Fluid particle trajectories and velocity are computed using the non-linear shallow water wave equations and the boundary layer growth across the entire swash zone is estimated. Predictions of the bed shear stress and skin friction coefficients agree reasonably well with direct bed shear stress measurements reported by Barnes et al. (Barnes, M.P., O’Donaghue, T., Alsina, J.M., Baldock, T.E., 2009. Direct bed shear stress measurements in bore-driven swash. Coastal Engineering 56 (8), 853–867) and, for a given flow velocity, give stresses which are consistent with the bias toward uprush sediment transport which has consistently been observed in measurements. The data and modelling suggest that the backwash boundary layer is initially laminar, which results in the late development of significant bed shear during the backwash, with a transition to a turbulent boundary layer later in the backwash. A new conceptual model for the boundary layer structure at the leading edge of the swash is proposed, which accounts for both the no-slip condition at the bed and the moving wet–dry interface. However, further development of the Lagrangian Boundary Layer Model is required in order to include bore-generated turbulence and to account for variable roughness and mobile beds.  相似文献   

断层上的地震成核过程与前兆模拟研究   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

何昌荣 《中国地震》2000,16(1):1-13

为了把握断层上地震的前兆规律,对连续介质中断层面上的地震成核过程进行了数值模拟研究。摩擦采用了速率及状态依赖怀本构关系,并考虑了正应力变化的影响。结果表明,在成核的后期阶段：①最大位移速率单调加速增加;②滑动热点（最大滑动速率处）在后期阶段开始自发性迁移,且在空间上③当最大滑动速率达到可以明显探测的量级时（高于加载速率一个数量级以上）,倒刘时间为２０小时或更长一些,这时的速率变化可作为临震预测标志  相似文献