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Vijay P. SINGH 《国际泥沙研究》2003,18(3)
Hydraulic geometry is of fundamental importance in planning, design, and management of river engineering and training works. Although some concepts of hydraulic geometry were proposed toward the end of the nineteenth century, the real impetus toward formulating a theory of hydraulic geometry was provided by the work of Leopold and Maddock (1953). A number of theories have since been proposed. Some of the theories are interrelated but others are based on quite different principles. All theories, however, assume that the river flow is steady and uniform and the river tends to attain a state of equilibrium or quasi-equilibrium. The differences are due to the differences in hydraulic mechanisms that the theories employ to explain the attainment of equilibrium by the river. 相似文献
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山谷城市大气边界层结构及输送能力 总被引：14，自引：7，他引：7
利用甘肃省—中国科学院科技合作项目“兰州市大气污染及对策研究”于2000年12月10～17日在兰州市城区用系留气球观测的大气边界层风速、风向、温度、湿度资料以及同期自动气象站观测资料和常规气象站辐射观测资料等,分析了山谷城市边界层大气的风速、温度、湿度结构特征,揭示了兰州市上空日夜维持的大气逆温的结构特征及其强度和分布特征的动态规律。提出了形成兰州山谷这种特殊大气逆温层的各种客观环境因素。最后还给出了在兰州市目前的小气候和地理环境条件下边界层大气的总体稳定度和Froude数的特征,由此初步定性讨论了兰州市大气边界层湍流运动和水平平流运动这两种主要输送形式的输送能力。 相似文献
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Depositional turbidity currents have filled many intraslope minibasins with sediment creating targets for petroleum exploration. The dynamics of sustained turbidity currents and their depositional characteristics are investigated in a scaled physical model of a minibasin. Each turbidity current deposited a downstream thinning wedge of sediment near the inlet. Farther downstream the turbidity current was ponded by a barrier. The ponded part of the turbidity current was separated from the sediment‐free water above by a relatively sharp, horizontal settling interface indicating highly Froude‐subcritical flow. The very slow moving flow within the ponded zone created conditions for the passive rainout of suspended sediment onto the bed. In the lower part of the ponded zone, the concentration and mean grain‐size of the sediment in suspension tended to be relatively uniform in both the vertical and streamwise directions. As a result, the deposit emplaced in the ponded zone showed only a weak tendency toward downstream fining and was passively draped over the bed in such a way that irregularities in the inerodible bed were accurately reflected. The discharge of suspended sediment overflowing the downstream end of the minibasin was significantly less than the inflow discharge, resulting in basin sediment trapping efficiencies >95%. A simple model is developed to predict the trapping of sediment within the basin based on the relative magnitudes of the input discharge of turbid water and the detrainment discharge of water across the settling interface. This model shows a limiting case in which an intraslope basin captures 100% of the sediment from a ponded turbidity current, even through a succession of sustained flow events, until sediment deposition raises the settling interface above the downstream lip of the minibasin. This same process defines one of the mechanisms for minibasin filling in nature, and, when this mechanism is operative, the trap efficiency of sediment can be expected to be high until the minibasin is substantially filled with sediment. 相似文献