基于摄影测量的宁夏明长城资源调查     

魏岳 《东北测绘》2012,(10):199-200,204,207

长城是中华民族的象征,是世界上规模最大的文化遗产。但近年来长城却面临着严重的人为破坏和自然破坏的威胁,特别是人为破坏日益加剧。为进一步加强长城保护管理工作,实施宁夏境内明长城资源调查项目,开展明长城基础地理信息数据生产、明长城专题要素数据采集、测量明长城长度、制作明长城专题影像图等工作。  相似文献   

Sediment provenance in a tropical fluvial and marine context by magnetic 'fingerprinting' of transportable sand fractions   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

B. A. MAHER  S. J. WATKINS  G. BRUNSKILL†  J. ALEXANDER‡  C. R. FIELDING§ 《Sedimentology》2009,56(3):841-861

The sources and fluxes of sediment to the Great Barrier Reef lagoon from north‐eastern Australian rivers have been the subject of much concern and study, with the large catchments of the Burdekin and Fitzroy Rivers thought to be the key sources at present. Here, the utility of newly developed magnetic ‘fingerprinting’ methods for identifying sediment provenance, both onshore and offshore, and in association with individual large flood events, is investigated. Within the Burdekin catchment, sediments are mobilized from different subcatchments by runoff generated by intense, localized rainfall events. Magnetic measurements were made on untreated and acid‐treated samples of river channel sediments within the Burdekin River subcatchments and from the estuarine and inner shelf depocentres of Burdekin River sediments. The acid treatment removes all discrete magnetic particles and coatings, and leaves magnetic inclusions (protected within host silicate grains) as the basis of the measured magnetic signature of a sample. The magnetic properties of the acid‐treated samples display statistically distinct sediment provenance groupings. Sand samples from the Upper Burdekin River appear magnetically distinct from samples from tributaries of the Burdekin (e.g. Hann Creek, Fanning River) and also from nearby coastal rivers, including the Haughton. Suspended sand samples from a Burdekin flood event in 2000 appear to have a different source compared with those from floods in 1998 and 1999. Comparisons of the terrestrial, acid‐treated sand fractions with the same, acid‐treated, sand‐size fractions from transects taken offshore suggest that the surface sediments in Upstart Bay and Bowling Green Bay have different sources. Some of these sources are as yet unidentified but may represent the unsampled, lower‐discharge south‐western Burdekin subcatchments, and/or along‐shore drift of sand from the south, perhaps even from the Fitzroy River, over millennial timescales of cyclone pumping. The magnetic inclusion method precludes any obfuscation or confounding of sediment source, which might arise from hydraulic sorting and/or post‐depositional magnetic diagenesis or authigenesis.  相似文献   

The Great Barrier Reef: a 700 000 year diagenetic history     

COLIN J. R. BRAITHWAITE  LUCIEN F. MONTAGGIONI† 《Sedimentology》2009,56(6):1591-1622

A deep borehole through Ribbon Reef 5 in the Great Barrier Reef off north‐eastern Australia has identified a variety of cements, including epitaxial, radial prismatic and spherular aragonite, together with blocky, prismatic and fibrous calcite. These cements are discontinuously arranged within the sequence that consists predominantly of grainstones but locally includes clotted muddy and filamentous textures that may be of microbial origin. Calcite cements vary in morphology with groups of crystals that include acute scalenohedral, rhombohedral and flattened concordant terminations; these show varying densities of inclusions that locally define growth zones and in some terminations divide in the manner of ‘split crystals’ to form fibrous fringes. Morphological changes in calcite are inferred to reflect changes in water chemistry and crystal growth rates at the time of growth, allied to their relationship to the palaeo‐water table, and linked in turn to changes in sea‐level. Neomorphism and dissolution are widespread and variations in the severity of both imply response to the degree of undersaturation of pore waters that at times were probably balanced within very narrow limits. A total of 10 depositional units are identified. Those units at the base of the borehole reflect deposition and diagenesis within a marine environment. The influence of meteoric waters, indicated by stable isotopes, is first apparent at the top of Unit 1 and in Unit 2 (184 to 155 m below sea floor). Petrographic evidence of vadose conditions appears at the tops of Unit 3 (131 to 99 m below sea floor). Units 4 to 8, all deposited under marine conditions, provide isotopic evidence of meteoric or mixing‐zone waters and petrographic indicators of vadose conditions, typically at the top of the units. Evidence indicates that in Unit 5 the water table was mobile and Units 6a, 6b, 7 and 8, all characterized by ultraviolet fluorescent cements, are capped by sub‐aerial erosion surfaces. Unit 9 (the Holocene) reflects the recent re‐establishment of marine conditions. The extent of alteration of the entire sequence reflects the substantial and pervasive influence of meteoric waters. This effect is interpreted as a result of a greater rainfall and river flow from the mainland during early and late stages of interstadial periods. The study reflects progress in the ability to recognize the diagenetic signal generated by sea‐level change. However, whereas the isotopic results reflect the changing relationships between vadose and phreatic zones in groundwater systems beneath successive emergent surfaces, their correspondence with petrographic features is expressed only weakly and commonly lacks the systematic sequential overprinting implied by the distribution of cathodoluminescent zones of cements in many ancient limestones.  相似文献   

桂中坳陷环江凹陷上古生界海相页岩储层孔隙结构和分形特征研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

毛佩筱  金爱民  楼章华  朱蓉  朱振宏 《地质科学》2019,(1):130-144

通过有机地化分析、全岩X衍射矿物分析、甲烷等温吸附及低压氮气吸附实验,本文对桂中坳陷环江凹陷上古生界页岩样品的孔隙结构及分形特征进行了研究.结果表明:研究区页岩总有机碳含量(TOC)平均为2.40%,热成熟度(Ro)平均为2.65%,处于过成熟演化阶段.页岩主要的矿物组成为石英和黏土.页岩的比表面积平均为5.86 m2/g,孔容平均为0.014 9 mL/g,平均孔径为11.2 nm.页岩中发育大量的中孔,主要呈两端开口的圆筒形孔或四边开放的平行板状孔.页岩中TOC含量和石英含量越多,微-中孔越发育、比表面积和孔容越大,而平均孔径则变小.通过Frenkel-Halsey-Hill (FHH)模型和氮气吸附实验数据计算得到孔隙表面分形维数D1(平均为2.428 4)和孔隙结构分形维数D2(平均为2.622 2),对应的相对压力(P/P0)分别是0~ 0.45和0.45 ~ 0.99.分形维数D1、D2随着比表面积、孔容的增加而增加,而平均孔径随着前者的增加而减小.分形维数D1、D2、TOC含量、石英含量和甲烷吸附量之间呈现较好的正相关性,但随着黏土矿物含量的增多而减小.分形维数D1与Langmuir压力存在弱负相关性,分形维数D2随Langmuir压力增大有变大的趋势.桂中坳陷西北部页岩分形维数越大,孔隙结构越复杂,其对天然气的吸附和存储能力越强.  相似文献   

热动力条件对白云凹陷深水区珠海组砂岩成岩演化过程的影响          下载免费PDF全文

李弛  罗静兰  胡海燕  陈淑慧  王代富  柳保军  马永坤  陈亮  李晓艳 《地球科学》2019,44(2):572-587

珠江口盆地白云凹陷位于中国南海北部,是目前我国深水油气勘探研究的重要区域.盆地现今大地热流值为24.2～121.0mW/m^2,单井现今地温梯度(Gra)最高可达6.64℃/100m,具"热盆"属性.白云凹陷裂后沉降阶段,特别是白云运动(23.8Ma)发生之后,盆地由断裂控盆转变为断裂、热作用共同控盆,热作用及热动力条件成为控制研究区储层成岩演化过程的重要因素,珠海组地层的镜质体反射率值、砂岩中次生流体包裹体均一温度、热液成因自生矿物等热流背景及岩石学记录为这一观点提供了有力证据.通过铸体薄片显微镜下观察与定量统计、电镜扫描观察、X-射线衍射分析等,发现白云凹陷北部中-低地温梯度(LGR,Gra≤4.5℃/100m)和南部高地温梯度(HGR,Gra>4.5℃/100m)两个地区珠海组砂岩的成岩作用特征、成岩演化过程存在以下差异:(1)中-低地温梯度地区珠海组砂岩的压实作用主要是静岩压实作用;高地温梯度地区珠海组砂岩的原生孔隙受静岩压实作用和热压实作用的共同控制,压实减孔速率高,等孔隙度埋深显著变浅;(2)地层升温速率的增大加快了储层中粘土矿物转化的速率,高地温梯度地区高岭石消失的埋深界限较中-低地温梯度地区浅,I/S(伊利石/蒙皂石混层)有序化进程较中-低地温梯度地区有所加快;(3)中-低地温梯度地区珠海组砂岩成岩演化过程属正常有序演变,高地温梯度地区受构造热事件的影响明显,深部流体参与了高地温梯度地区珠海组砂岩的成岩演化过程,地层孔隙水物质交换过程复杂,成岩演化进程加快,改变了碳酸盐矿物溶解-沉淀热平衡状态,各成岩作用过程活跃并出现一些典型的热液成因自生矿物组合.  相似文献   

Early Cretaceous Adakitic Rocks in the Northern Great Xing’an Range, NE China: Implications for the Final Closure of Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean and Regional Extensional Setting     

ZHANG Lingyu  LI Shichao  CHU Xiaolei  SHANG Yinmin 《《地质学报》英文版》2019,93(5):1544-1558

A large amount of igneous rocks in NE China formed in an extensional setting during Late Mesozoic. However, there is still controversy about how the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean and the Paleo-Pacific Ocean effected the lithosphere in NE China. In this paper, we carried out a comprehensive study for andesites from the Keyihe area using LA-ICP-MS zircon UPb dating and geochemical and Hf isotopic analysis to investigate the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of these andesites. The U-Pb dating yields an Early Cretaceous crystallization age of 128.3±0.4 Ma. Geochemically, the andesites contain high Sr(686–930 ppm) and HREE contents, low Y(11.9–19.8 ppm) and Yb(1.08–1.52 ppm) contents, and they therefore have high Sr/Y(42–63) and La/Yb(24–36) ratios, showing the characteristics of adakitic rocks. Moreover, they exhibit high K_2O/Na_2O ratios(0.57–0.81), low Mg O contents(0.77–3.06 wt%), low Mg# value(17–49) and negative εHf(t) values(-1.7 to-8.5) with no negative Eu anomalies, indicating that they are not related to the oceanic plate subduction. Based on the geochemical and isotopic data provided in this paper and regional geological data, it can be concluded that the Keyihe adakitic rocks were affected by the Mongol-Okhotsk tectonic regime, forming in a transition setting from crustal thickening to regional extension thinning. They were derived from the partial melting of the thickened lower crust. The closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean may finish in early Early Cretaceous, followed by the collisional orogenic process. The southern part region of its suture belt was in a post-orogenic extensional setting in the late Early Cretaceous.  相似文献   

新疆伊犁盆地巩留凹陷航空高光谱油气探测     

童勤龙  刘德长  杨燕杰  王茂芝  邱俊挺 《地质学报》2019,93(4):945-956

为了进一步了解伊犁盆地巩留凹陷油气勘探潜力,为该地区下一步油气勘查提供依据和新的技术支持,利用航空高光谱SASI数据,采用混合调制匹配滤波(MTMF)方法,在伊犁盆地阿吾拉勒西段山前提取了油气烃信息,主要分布在二叠系晓山萨依组,反映了油页岩层的分布和油气渗漏地段,地表油气渗漏主要受断裂控制,与油气渗漏有关的蚀变主要为粘土化,碳酸盐化次之。在巩留凹陷提取了粘土化和碳酸盐化信息,主要分布在拜石墩与阿克吐别克乡之间,通过干扰因素的排除,在拜石墩南部筛选了四片油气微渗漏区。最后,结合区域地质、物探资料综合分析,认为该地区油气成藏和排烃可能始于燕山早期,在喜山期遭到严重破坏,盆地的不对称压陷,加速了油气的垂直和侧向运移,在盆地内部形成微渗漏,在阿吾拉勒山前沿着断裂逸散至地表形成宏渗漏,巩留凹陷拜石墩南部微渗漏地区对应深部二叠系褶皱带是下一步油气勘查有利目标区。  相似文献   

白云凹陷第三系储层中铁白云石的成因机理及与CO2活动的关系     

庞江  罗静兰  马永坤  蔡国富  雷川  李弛  李晓艳  张月霞 《地质学报》2019,93(3):724-737

白云凹陷第三系储层中发育大量的铁白云石,受研究区热流背景的影响,铁白云石主要见于高地温梯度地区埋深1000～3000m、地层温度60～130℃的浅—中部地层中及CO_2热流体活动区域。铁白云石的δ~(13)C值(-2.83‰～-1.83‰)具有无机成因的特征,与研究区气藏中幔源岩浆成因CO_2的δ~(13)C值较为一致,铁白云石的δ~(18)O值(-9.45‰～-5.37‰)和~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr值(0.7101～0.7161)也反映了其沉淀受到深部热流体活动的影响。以两口典型CO_2气井为例,储层中流体包裹体均一温度及蒙脱石向伊利石的演化特征证明储层经历了热流体侵入;CO_2热流体活动区域不仅是铁白云石集中分布地带,并出现片钠铝石+铁白云石+菱铁矿等示踪CO_2运移、聚集的自生矿物组合。地层中铁白云石、高岭石含量与气藏中CO_2的含量呈正相关关系,绿泥石含量与CO_2、铁白云石含量呈反消长关系。高地温梯度地区丰富的CO_2热流体活动是该地区储层中铁白云石沉淀与含量高的重要原因,无机岩浆成因CO_2是铁白云石沉淀的主要碳源,CO_2热流体充注造成绿泥石等黏土矿物异常转化,为铁白云石沉淀提供了所需的Fe~(2+)、Mg~(2+)离子。  相似文献   

The lacustrine microbial carbonate factory of the successive Lake Bonneville and Great Salt Lake,Utah, USA     

Emmanuelle Vennin  Anthony Bouton  Raphaël Bourillot  Aurlie Pace  Adeline Roche  Arnaud Brayard  Christophe Thomazo  Aurelien Virgone  Eric C. Gaucher  Guy Desaubliaux  Pieter T. Visscher 《Sedimentology》2019,66(1):165-204

The Bonneville Basin is a continental lacustrine system accommodating extensive microbial carbonate deposits corresponding to two distinct phases: the deep Lake Bonneville (30 000 to 11 500 ¹⁴C bp ) and the shallow Great Salt Lake (since 11 500 ¹⁴C bp ). A characterization of these microbial deposits and their associated sediments provides insights into their spatio‐temporal distribution patterns. The Bonneville phase preferentially displays vertical distribution of the microbial deposits resulting from high‐amplitude lake level variations. Due to the basin physiography, the microbial deposits were restricted to a narrow shoreline belt following Bonneville lake level variations. Carbonate production was more efficient during intervals of relative lake level stability as recorded by the formation of successive terraces. In contrast, the Great Salt Lake microbial deposits showed a great lateral distribution, linked to the modern flat bottom configuration. A low vertical distribution of the microbial deposits was the result of the shallow water depth combined with a low amplitude of lake level fluctuations. These younger microbial deposits display a higher diversity of fabrics and sizes. They are distributed along an extensive ‘shore to lake’ transect on a flat platform in relation to local and progressive accommodation space changes. Microbial deposits are temporally discontinuous throughout the lake history showing longer hiatuses during the Bonneville phase. The main parameters controlling the rate of carbonate production are related to the interaction between physical (kinetics of the mineral precipitation, lake water temperature and runoff), chemical (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and HCO₃^? concentrations, Mg/Ca ratio, dilution and depletion) and/or biological (trophic) factors. The contrast in evolution of Lake Bonneville and Great Salt Lake microbial deposits during their lacustrine history leads to discussions on major chemical and climatic changes during this interval as well as the role of physiography. Furthermore, it provides novel insights into the composition, structure and formation of microbialite‐rich carbonate deposits under freshwater and hypersaline conditions.  相似文献   

渤海海域黄河口南斜坡火山岩地层划分及意义     

潘文静  刘士磊  王清斌  田德瑞  高曦龙  王立红 《地层学杂志》2019,43(2):150-157

渤海海域黄河口南斜坡新生代火山岩规模大,喷发期次多,非均质性强,地震反射杂乱,地层划分对比难度大。为了厘定渤海海域黄河口南斜坡火山岩系地层层位,对研究区火山岩的岩石学特征及火山岩系夹层中的化石展开系统研究。薄片分析结果表明,渤海海域黄河口南斜坡火山岩主要分为火山熔岩和火山碎屑岩两大类,其中火山熔岩主要有杏仁状玄武岩、气孔玄武岩、致密玄武岩、辉绿岩以及角砾熔岩四种,火山碎屑岩以凝灰岩为主。结合渤海海域黄河口南斜坡火山岩中常见铁方解石、沸石、绿泥石等热水沉积矿物、部分玄武岩保存有淬碎结构、氧化系数(Fe2O3/FeO)低以及火山岩与黑色泥岩互层等四方面,证据证实研究区部分火山岩具有水下喷发特征。渤海海域黄河口南斜坡火山岩系夹层中发现了丰富的介形虫、藻类和孢粉化石,指示火山岩系上段为东营组二段沉积,火山岩系下段主体为东营组三段。根据化石的层位指示意义,明确黄河口南斜坡东营组三段沉积时期物源主要来自莱北低凸起的中生界和沙河街组一段地层。通过化石的古环境指示意义,对这套地层的形成过程进行恢复。这套地层层位的落实对明确黄河口南斜坡新生代油气成藏规律具有重要意义。  相似文献