Komatiites and nickel sulfide ores of the Black Swan area,Yilgarn Craton,Western Australia. 3: Komatiite geochemistry,and implications for ore forming processes     

Stephen?J.?BarnesEmail author  Robin?E.?T.?Hill  Noreen?J.?Evans 《Mineralium Deposita》2004,39(7):729-751

The Black Swan komatiite sequence is a package of dominantly olivine-rich cumulates with lesser volumes of spinifex textured rocks, interpreted as a section through an extensive komatiite lava flow field. The sequence hosts a number of nickel sulfide orebodies, including the Silver Swan massive shoot and the Cygnet and Black Swan disseminated orebodies. A large body of whole rock analyses on komatiitic rocks from the Black Swan area has been filtered for metasomatic effects. With the exception of mobile elements such as Ca and alkalis, most samples retain residual igneous geochemistry, and can be modelled predominantly by fractionation and accumulation of olivine. Whole rock MgO–FeO relationships imply a relatively restricted range of olivine compositions, more primitive than the olivine which would have been in equilibrium with the transporting komatiite lavas, and together with textural data indicate that much of the cumulus olivine in the sequence was transported. Flow top compositions show evidence for chromite saturation, but the cumulates are deficient in accumulated chromite. Chromite compositions are typical of those found in compound flow-facies komatiites, and are distinct from those in komatiitic dunite bodies. Incompatible trace element abundances show three superimposed influences: control by the relative proportion of olivine to liquid; a signature of crustal contamination and an overprint of metasomatic introduction of LREE, Zr and Th. This overprint is most evident in cumulates, and relatively insignificant in the spinifex rocks. Platinum and palladium behaved as incompatible elements and are negatively correlated with MgO. They show no evidence for wholesale depletion due to sulfide extraction, which was evidently restricted to specific lava tubes or pathways. The lack of correspondence between PGE depletion and contamination by siliceous material implies that contamination alone is insufficient to generate S-saturation and ore formation in the absence of sulfide in the assimilant. Contamination signatures in spinifex-textured rocks may be a guide to Ni-sulfide mineralisation, but are not entirely reliable in the absence of other evidence. The widespread vesicularity of the sequence may be attributable to assimilated water rather than to primary mantle-derived volatiles, and cannot be taken as evidence for primary volatile-rich magmas. The characteristic signature of the Black Swan Succession is the presence of highly localised disseminated sulfide within a sequence showing more widespread evidence for crustal contamination and interaction with its immediate substrate. This has important implications for the applicability of trace element geochemistry in exploration for komatiite-hosted nickel deposits.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at Editorial handling: Peter Lightfoot  相似文献   

矿床四维时空定量评价的新认识——以西藏玉龙斑岩铜矿床为例   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1  

王功文  陈建平 《现代地质》2004,18(4):537-542

大型、超大型斑岩铜矿的定量研究正在受到广泛关注,集中体现在现代矿产资源勘探模式趋向于从经验找矿、理论找矿和信息找矿3大传统找矿方法向集成信息技术方向发展。本项研究以青藏高原典型的玉龙斑岩铜矿床为例进行分析,提出了矿床定量评价的4个方面的新认识:(1)区域矿床发生、发展的年代与消亡速率的确定是研究矿床规模与保存环境的重要参数;(2)研究区的古地理、古气候特征有利于斑岩体的剥蚀起始时间的估算,研究区不同时代地层剖面的对比分析以及成矿古地理环境的模拟有利于正确评价斑岩矿床的形成与保存现状;(3)地层、岩体、构造和DEM数据的三维空间定量研究是正确评价"多位一体"成矿模式的重要因素;(4)3S技术发展了三维可视化技术、数据融合和模拟技术,能够最大限度地利用各种多元数据(地质、地球物理、地球化学和遥感等)资料,有助于提高发现大型矿床或潜在矿床的成功率。  相似文献   

内蒙古狼山—渣尔泰山中元古代被动陆缘热水喷流成矿特征   总被引：22，自引：1，他引：21  

彭润民  翟裕生 《地学前缘》2004,11(1):257-268

狼山—渣尔泰山中元古代被动陆缘产有东升庙、炭窑口、霍各乞和甲生盘等热水喷流沉积矿床 ,与世界中元古代的SEDEX型矿集区有许多相似之处 :①矿床的产出受华北古陆北缘裂陷槽内三级断陷盆地控制 ;②各大矿床都具有鲜明的层控特征 ,所有矿体总体呈层产在中元古界的白云石大理岩、碳质千枚岩 (或片岩 )中 ;③矿石具有细纹层状、条带状构造 ,喷流沉积成矿特征十分明显 ;④成矿过程中伴有明显的同生断裂活动 ,它在一定程度上控制了矿体的空间分布及其组合 ;但不同矿床同生断裂活动的强度、时限、规模都不同 ,从而导致不同矿床在相同含矿岩组中矿体产出的先后顺序不同和大量层间砾岩与同生角砾状矿石的形成 ;⑤厚大Zn ,Pb ,Cu复合矿体具有明显的分带性 ,自下至上 ,Cu/ (Zn +Pb +Cu)比值由高→低 ;⑥重晶石层发育 ,多与黄铁矿层互层状产出 ,也有与闪锌矿层互层 ,但与世界典型SEDEX型矿床又有重要差别。成矿期间火山活动明显 ,在霍各乞、东升庙、炭窑口矿床惟一容矿的狼山群第二岩组中先后发现了具有变余斑状或聚斑状结构、变余杏仁构造的基性火山岩、钠质“双峰式”火山岩和钾质“双峰式”海相火山岩及凝灰岩夹层。结合①各种硫化物的铅同位素主要分布在地幔和下地壳铅演化曲线附近 ;②部分黄铁矿的Co/Ni值远  相似文献   

西天山阿吾拉勒二叠纪陆相长英质火山岩铜银矿矿床模式   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

任秉琛  邬介人 《西北地质》2004,37(3):51-55

通过对西天山二叠纪陆相火山岩及成矿作用的研究,指出铜银矿床与长英质火山岩一石英钠长斑岩有直接关系,并从成矿构造背景、产出地质环境、矿床地质特征等方面总结出二叠纪陆相长英质火山岩铜银矿床矿床模式。  相似文献   

基于GIS软件平台的航磁弱信息提取研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

韩绍阳  侯惠群  柯丹  张鹏 《铀矿地质》2003,19(6):360-365

本介绍了航磁弱信息提取的内涵,探讨了航磁弱信息提取理论,阐述了选用的数学物理方法原理。基于GIS软件平台,提出了一种有利于弱信息显示的数据可视化方法——“1／4方差”法。在东胜地区完成了弱信息提取方法的有效性试验,结果表明航磁弱异常增强方法可有效地压制干扰噪声,提高信噪比,缩小铀成矿有利靶区。  相似文献   

滇东Pt-Pd-Cu含矿建造地球化学特征及其含矿性分析   总被引：11，自引：4，他引：7       下载免费PDF全文

陈永清夏庆霖  刘红光 《中国地质》2003,30(3):225-234

滇东Pt-Pd-Cu含矿建造包括黑色页岩建造和玄武岩建造,黑色页岩建造由不同层位的黑色岩系组成.作者重点对元古宙昆阳群、下寒武统黑色岩系和二叠纪峨眉山玄武岩的地球化学特征进行了系统研究.研究表明昆阳群黑色岩系以As、B(K≥5)显著富集,Sb、Pd、Mo、Ag、U、Pt、V、Zn、W、Cu(K≥1.2)富集为特征;滇东下寒武统黑色岩系以Mo、Ag、U、As、V、B、Pd、Sb(K≥5)显著富集,Pt、Pb、Zn、W、Cu、Ni(K≥1.2)富集为特征;峨眉山玄武岩则以Pt、Pd(K≥5)显著富集,Au、Ag、Cu、Zn、Sb、B、U、V(K≥1.2)富集为特征.总之,分布于研究区不同层位的黑色岩系和二叠纪峨眉山玄武岩建造构成了该区贵金属(Pt、Pd、Ag、Au等)和有色金属(Cu、Mo、V等)元素成矿的初始矿源层,上述区域成矿要素最佳匹配地段是可能产出非传统贵金属(pt、Pd、Ag、Au等)和有色金属(Cu、Mo、V等)矿床的潜在地段.  相似文献   

Iron oxide-copper-gold deposits: an Andean view   总被引：22，自引：2，他引：20  

Richard?H.?SillitoeEmail author 《Mineralium Deposita》2003,38(7):787-812

Iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) deposits, defined primarily by their elevated magnetite and/or hematite contents, constitute a broad, ill-defined clan related to a variety of tectono-magmatic settings. The youngest and, therefore, most readily understandable IOCG belt is located in the Coastal Cordillera of northern Chile and southern Peru, where it is part of a volcano-plutonic arc of Jurassic through Early Cretaceous age. The arc is characterised by voluminous tholeiitic to calc-alkaline plutonic complexes of gabbro through granodiorite composition and primitive, mantle-derived parentage. Major arc-parallel fault systems developed in response to extension and transtension induced by subduction roll-back at the retreating convergent margin. The arc crust was attenuated and subjected to high heat flow. IOCG deposits share the arc with massive magnetite deposits, the copper-deficient end-members of the IOCG clan, as well as with manto-type copper and small porphyry copper deposits to create a distinctive metallogenic signature.The IOCG deposits display close relations to the plutonic complexes and broadly coeval fault systems. Based on deposit morphology and dictated in part by lithological and structural parameters, they can be separated into several styles: veins, hydrothermal breccias, replacement mantos, calcic skarns and composite deposits that combine all or many of the preceding types. The vein deposits tend to be hosted by intrusive rocks, especially equigranular gabbrodiorite and diorite, whereas the larger, composite deposits (e.g. Candelaria-Punta del Cobre) occur within volcano-sedimentary sequences up to 2 km from pluton contacts and in intimate association with major orogen-parallel fault systems. Structurally localised IOCG deposits normally share faults and fractures with pre-mineral mafic dykes, many of dioritic composition, thereby further emphasising the close connection with mafic magmatism. The deposits formed in association with sodic, calcic and potassic alteration, either alone or in some combination, reveal evidence of an upward and outward zonation from magnetite-actinolite-apatite to specular hematite-chlorite-sericite and possess a Cu-Au-Co-Ni-As-Mo-U-(LREE) (light rare earth element) signature reminiscent of some calcic iron skarns around diorite intrusions. Scant observations suggest that massive calcite veins and, at shallower palaeodepths, extensive zones of barren pyritic feldspar-destructive alteration may be indicators of concealed IOCG deposits.The balance of evidence strongly supports a genetic connection of the central Andean IOCG deposits with gabbrodiorite to diorite magmas from which the ore fluid may have been channelled by major ductile to brittle fault systems for several kilometres vertically or perhaps even laterally. The large, composite IOCG deposits originated by ingress of the ore fluid to relatively permeable volcano-sedimentary sequences. The mafic magma may form entire plutons or, alternatively, may underplate more felsic intrusions, as witnessed by the ore-related diorite dykes, but in either case the origin of the ore fluid at greater, unobserved depths may be inferred. It is concluded that external 'basinal' fluids were not a requirement for IOCG formation in the central Andes, although metamorphic, seawater, evaporitic or meteoric fluids may have fortuitously contaminated the magmatic ore fluid locally. The proposed linkage of central Andean and probably some other IOCG deposits to oxidised dioritic magmas may be compared with the well-documented dependency of several other magmatic-hydrothermal deposit types on igneous petrochemistry. The affiliation of a spectrum of base-metal poor gold-(Bi-W-Mo) deposit styles to relatively reduced monzogranite-granodiorite intrusions may be considered as a closely analogous example.Editorial handling: B. Lehmann  相似文献   

广西龙胜地区金矿地质特征及找矿方向     

黄杰  莫江平 《矿产与地质》2003,17(1):20-23

广西龙胜地区金矿属于脆-韧性剪切绿岩型,成矿物源主要为上元古界地层中的初始富集金,在“面状”渗秀性构造带的地质环境中,多次强烈的构造活动驱使地下热（卤）水、区域变质水等热水溶液渗秀、循环而形成成矿溶液,在构造动力作用下沿断裂、裂隙运移,在适宜构造场沉淀富集成矿。金矿化类型有石英脉型和构造蚀变岩型两类,前者分为细网脉型、脉带型、碎型石英脉型;后者分为细碎屑岩质构造蚀变岩型、碳硅质构造蚀型、基性-超基性岩质构造蚀变岩型。该区具有良好的找矿前景,提出了以构造活动强烈、构造形迹明显的较低级次的脆-韧性剪切断裂、裂隙带和浅变质泥质（粉砂）岩、浅变质含硅含碳泥质（粉砂）岩组合找矿的思路,并重视进行构造蚀变岩型金矿的找矿。  相似文献   

Morphologic and stratigraphic evolution of muddy ebb-tidal deltas along a subsiding coast: Barataria Bay, Mississippi River delta     

Duncan M. Fitzgerald  Mark Kulp†  Shea Penland†  James Flocks‡  Jack Kindinger‡ 《Sedimentology》2004,51(6):1157-1178

The Barataria barrier coast formed between two major distributaries of the Mississippi River delta: the Plaquemines deltaic headland to the east and the Lafourche deltaic headland to the west. Rapid relative sea‐level rise (1·03 cm year^?1) and other erosional processes within Barataria Bay have led to substantial increases in the area of open water (> 775 km² since 1956) and the attendant bay tidal prism. Historically, the increase in tidal discharge at inlets has produced larger channel cross‐sections and prograding ebb‐tidal deltas. For example, the ebb delta at Barataria Pass has built seaward > 2·2 km since the 1880s. Shoreline erosion and an increasing bay tidal prism also facilitated the formation of new inlets. Four major lithofacies characterize the Barataria coast ebb‐tidal deltas and associated sedimentary environments. These include a proximal delta facies composed of massive to laminated, fine grey‐brown to pale yellow sand and a distal delta facies consisting of thinly laminated, grey to pale yellow sand and silty sand with mud layers. The higher energy proximal delta deposits contain a greater percentage of sand (75–100%) compared with the distal delta sediments (60–80%). Associated sedimentary units include a nearshore facies consisting of horizontally laminated, fine to very fine grey sand with mud layers and an offshore facies that is composed of grey to dark grey, laminated sandy silt to silty clay. All facies coarsen upwards except the offshore facies, which fines upwards. An evolutionary model is presented for the stratigraphic development of the ebb‐tidal deltas in a regime of increasing tidal energy resulting from coastal land loss and tidal prism growth. Ebb‐tidal delta facies prograde over nearshore sediments, which interfinger with offshore facies. The seaward decrease in tidal current velocity of the ebb discharge produces a gradational contact between proximal and distal tidal delta facies. As the tidal discharge increases and the inlet grows in dimensions, the proximal and distal tidal delta facies prograde seawards. Owing to the relatively low gradient of the inner continental shelf, the ebb‐tidal delta lithosome is presently no more than 5 m thick and is generally only 2–3 m in thickness. The ebb delta sediment is sourced from deepening of the inlet and the associated channels and from the longshore sediment transport system. The final stage in the model envisages erosion and segmentation of the barrier chain, leading to a decrease in tidal discharge through the former major inlets. This process ultimately results in fine‐grained sedimentation seaward of the inlets and the encasement of the ebb‐tidal delta lithosome in mud. The ebb‐tidal deltas along the Barataria coast are distinguished from most other ebb deltas along sand‐rich coasts by their muddy content and lack of large‐scale stratification produced by channel cut‐and‐fills and bar migration.  相似文献   

Trace Fossils and Sulfur Isotopes in Mudstones around the Kuroko Deposits in the Hokuroku Basin, Northeast Japan: An Attempt to Delineate the Depositional Environment     

Kosei Komuro    Hiroshi Kubota  Tokiyuki Sato    Yoshimichi Kajiwara  Shojiro Tanimura 《Resource Geology》2004,54(4):425-436

Abstract. A comprehensive investigation was carried out on the distribution of both trace fossils and sulfur isotopes in mud-stones in the Hokuroku district, northeast Japan, in the hope of delineating the depositional environment of the mudstones in which the Kuroko deposits are embedded. The mudstones are generally massive in structure and usually contain large trace fossils, being indicative of an aerobic biofacies. On the other hand, some mudstones in and above the Kuroko ore horizon are partly laminated and usually contain smaller trace fossils, being assignable to an anaerobic or dysaerobic biofacies. The δ³⁴S values of sulfides in the mudstones above and below the ore horizon range from -40 to -12 %o, indicating mostly oxic depositional conditions in equilibrium with the inferred aerobic biofacies. In the mudstones in the ore horizon, the δ³⁴S values exhibit regionally discriminated variations: -44 to -12 %o in areas far (>1 km) from the known Kuroko deposits and -24 to +6 %o in areas closer to them. The latter high δ³⁴S group implies the temporal occurrence of local anoxic basins in the vicinity of the known Kuroko deposits. At the time of late Nishikurosawa Stage (i.e. the currently assumed Kuroko metallogenic epoch), an intense oceanic stagnation is suggested to have taken place to form the local anoxic basins responsible for the formation and preservation of Kuroko deposits. This oceanic environmental event is considered to be most likely due to increasing biological productivity primarily triggered and enhanced by upwelling of NADW in the paleo-Sea of Japan at that time.  相似文献