Challenges for integrated water resources management     

Philippe Gourbesville 《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2008,33(5):284-289

During the past century, while world population tripled, the use of water increased sixfold. Irrigation accounts for 70% of global water withdrawals, industry for 20%, and municipal use for 10%. To meet the water resources challenges, a series of transitions is under way, with major implications for water management. The present paper underlines the major issues and the new role of engineers in charge of development and project management.  相似文献   

Analysis of tracer tomography using temporal moments of tracer breakthrough curves     

Junfeng Zhu  Xing Cai  Tian-Chyi Jim Yeh 《Advances in water resources》2009

Hydraulic/partitioning tracer tomography (HPTT) was recently developed by Yeh and Zhu [Yeh T-CJ, Zhu J. Hydraulic/partitioning tracer tomography for characterization of dense nonaqueous phase liquid source zones, Water Resour Res 2007;43:W06435. doi:10.1029/2006WR004877.] for estimating spatial distribution of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) in the subsurface. Since discrete tracer concentration data are directly utilized for the estimation of DNAPLs, this approach solves the hyperbolic convection–dispersion equation. Solution to the convection–dispersion equation however demands fine temporal and spatial discretization, resulting in high computational cost for an HPTT analysis. In this work, we use temporal moments of tracer breakthrough curves instead of discrete concentration data to estimate DNAPL distribution. This approach solves time independent partial differential equations of the temporal moments, and therefore avoids solving the convection–dispersion equation using a time marching scheme, resulting in a dramatic reduction of computational cost. To reduce numerical oscillations associated with convection dominated transport problems such as in inter-well tracer tests, the approach uses a finite element solver adopting the streamline upwind Petrov–Galerkin method to calculate moments and sensitivities. We test the temporal moment approach through numerical simulations. Comparing the computational costs between utilizing moments and discrete concentrations, we find that temporal moments significantly reduce the computation time. We also find that tracer moment data collected through a tomographic survey alone are able to yield reasonable estimates of hydraulic conductivity, as indicated by a correlation of 0.588 between estimated and true hydraulic conductivity fields in the synthetic case study.  相似文献   

Effect of nonuniform boundary conditions on steady flow in saturated homogeneous cylindrical soil columns     

D.A. Barry 《Advances in water resources》2009

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Efficient uncertainty quantification techniques in inverse problems for Richards’ equation using coarse-scale simulation models     

P. Dostert  Y. Efendiev  B. Mohanty 《Advances in water resources》2009

This paper concerns efficient uncertainty quantification techniques in inverse problems for Richards’ equation which use coarse-scale simulation models. We consider the problem of determining saturated hydraulic conductivity fields conditioned to some integrated response. We use a stochastic parameterization of the saturated hydraulic conductivity and sample using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods (MCMC). The main advantage of the method presented in this paper is the use of multiscale methods within an MCMC method based on Langevin diffusion. Additionally, we discuss techniques to combine multiscale methods with stochastic solution techniques, specifically sparse grid collocation methods. We show that the proposed algorithms dramatically reduce the computational cost associated with traditional Langevin MCMC methods while providing similar sampling performance.  相似文献   

Measurement of streambed hydraulic conductivity and its anisotropy   总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17  

Xunhong Chen 《Environmental Geology》2000,39(12):1317-1324

 A method is described for the measurement of streambed hydraulic conductivity. Unlike permeameter methods, this method applies straight and l-shaped standpipes directly to streambeds for measurements of in-situ hydraulic conductivity in the vertical (K _v ) and horizontal (K _h ) directions, as well as in other oblique directions (K _s ). This method has advantages in determination of K _v values over grain-size analysis, permeameter tests, or slug test methods. Also unique to this method is that it provides K _s values of a streambed. The measured results can be used to construct a hydraulic conductivity ellipse and to evaluate the anisotropy of streambed sediments. Field examples from the Republican River, Nebraska, demonstrated the usefulness of this method in the determination of streambed hydraulic conductivity and anisotropy along or across a river channel. Results indicate that the K _h is about three to four times larger than K _v , whereas K _s values are larger than K _v but smaller than K _h . Received: 6 March 2000 · Accepted: 18 April 2000  相似文献   

Hydraulic and salinity regime of two affected sites in the Yizre'el valley,Israel     

Abraham Gafni  Yigal Salingar 《水文研究》1992,6(1):55-65

Causes of recent salinization of numerous plots in the Yizre'el Valley of Israel were examined through a detailed field study of two severely affected sites. in particular, the theory of artesian influence on salt build-up in the upper cultivated soil layer was investigated. Two piezometer nests and 12 wells were installed to study the subsurface hydraulic regime. Water samples and soil extracts were taken to characterize the chemical composition down to 10m. No significant head differences were measured at the lower site, while at the upper site 96 per cent of the head that existed at the deep (7.5 m) artesian layer was dissipated within the overlying thick clay layer. Slight head differences were noted in the shallow layers. the deep-lying, coarse-textured aquifer differs markedly from the upper confining layers and constitutes an independent water body that has little relevance to surface processes. Chemical and hydrological analyses indicate that applied low-quality irrigation waters May, be the primary cause of downward-moving salinity and alkalinity which, in turn, affect soil permeability and site productivity.  相似文献   

近水平岩层滑坡启动的临界水柱高度分析     

吕美君  晏鄂川  程江涛 《岩土力学》2008,29(1):207-211

从岩性特点和外部诱发因素等方面分析了近水平岩层滑坡的形成机制,提出此类滑坡启动的主要诱发因素是暴雨或持续降雨.从力学角度讨论了滑坡启动的判别依据,推导了滑坡启动时的临界水柱高度.研究表明,裂隙水对近水平岩层滑坡启动的影响是有条件的,在滑体厚度d一定的情况下,当滑面长度L小于安全长度LS时,滑坡就会启动,否则裂隙水不足以引起滑坡的启动.同时对应于一定的滑面长度,分析了浅层、中层、厚层滑坡的临界水柱高度值.  相似文献   

Water losses from the Ričice reservoir built in the Dinaric karst     

Ognjen Bonacci  Tanja Roje-Bonacci 《Engineering Geology》2008,99(3-4):121

The Ričice reservoir was built in 1987 in the central part of the bare Dinaric karst region in Croatia, on the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina. The reservoir water level rise rapidly after rainfall, but due to high water-loss rates the water remains impounded for a very short time. The reservoir volume at the spillway altitude is 18.4 × 10⁶ m³. Due to water losses, the mean annual water volume in the 1989–1995 period was 6.5 × 10⁶ m³. Interdisciplinary analyses and investigations of geological, hydrological and hydrogeological factors which caused water losses from the Ričice reservoir have been carried out. Water losses from the reservoir are defined using a water budget equation. An assessment of the calculation of hydraulic conductivity, and a definition of the groundwater level below the Ričice reservoir, using Darcy's equation for vertical flow, is carried out. It may be concluded that the water losses from the Ričice reservoir are mainly controlled by the water level in the reservoir.  相似文献   

Characteristics of Piezometric heads and determination of fresh water–salt water interface in the coastal zone near Beihai,China     

Zhou Xun  Zhou Haiyan  Zhang Li 《Environmental Geology》2008,54(1):67-73

Changes in hydraulic heads with space and time and evolution of the location of fresh water–salt water interface are important for groundwater development in coastal aquifers. Measurements of piezometric heads at 11 well clusters consisting of three piezometric wells of different depths with a 5-day interval for 15 months show that the piezometric heads at nearly all the wells near the northwestern coast in Beihai decrease with increasing depth and increase with increasing distance from the coast. Changes in piezometric heads at the wells during the measurement period were caused by seasonal precipitation and induced by the tide. The depth of the sharp interface between fresh water–salt water can be estimated based on measurements of piezometric heads at a piezometric well tapping at a point in the salt water zone below the interface and measurements of the water table at the same well. The calculations of the interface for well H5 range from 40 to 80 m below sea level in the measurement period, which are believed to be more reasonable than those estimated with the Ghyben–Herzberg relation. An erratum to this article can be found at  相似文献   

Detailed hydraulic head profiles as essential data for defining hydrogeologic units in layered fractured sedimentary rock   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Jessica R. Meyer  Beth L. Parker  John A. Cherry 《Environmental Geology》2008,56(1):27-44

This paper describes a study in southern Wisconsin where vertical hydraulic head profiles measured in exceptional detail provided the key data for defining hydrogeologic units (HGUs) in a layered sequence of sandstone, siltstone, shale, and dolostone. The most important data were obtained from corehole MP-6 which was cored 131 m into bedrock and instrumented using a Westbay^® multilevel system with 36 depth discrete monitoring intervals. The resulting head profile is consistant over time and shows eight distinct inflections in hydraulic head. Several of the inflections occur between adjacent permeable units and are likely due to poor vertical connectivity of fracture sets rather than distinct lower permeability layers or aquitards in the conventional sense. No other type of data was capable of identifying the position of such distinct hydrogeologic features. These zones of abrupt head loss provide the primary dataset for delineation of eleven HGUs at MP-6 and are supported by less detailed head profiles at other locations. Although the detailed head profiles are essential, core logs and geophysical logs from other boreholes are nessessary to fully establish the lateral continuity of the HGUs.  相似文献