Long-term SMOS soil moisture products: A comprehensive evaluation across scales and methods in the Duero Basin (Spain)     

《Physics and Chemistry of the Earth》2015

The European Space Agency’s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Level 2 soil moisture and the new L3 product from the Barcelona Expert Center (BEC) were validated from January 2010 to June 2014 using two in situ networks in Spain. The first network is the Soil Moisture Measurement Stations Network of the University of Salamanca (REMEDHUS), which has been extensively used for validating remotely sensed observations of soil moisture. REMEDHUS can be considered a small-scale network that covers a 1300 km² region. The second network is a large-scale network that covers the main part of the Duero Basin (65,000 km²). At an existing meteorological network in the Castilla y Leon region (Inforiego), soil moisture probes were installed in 2012 to provide data until 2014. Comparisons of the temporal series using different strategies (total average, land use, and soil type) as well as using the collocated data at each location were performed. Additionally, spatial correlations on each date were computed for specific days. Finally, an improved version of the Triple Collocation (TC) method, i.e., the Extended Triple Collocation (ETC), was used to compare satellite and in situ soil moisture estimates with outputs of the Soil Water Balance Model Green-Ampt (SWBM-GA). The results of this work showed that SMOS estimates were consistent with in situ measurements in the time series comparisons, with Pearson correlation coefficients (R) and an Agreement Index (AI) higher than 0.8 for the total average and the land-use averages and higher than 0.85 for the soil-texture averages. The results obtained at the Inforiego network showed slightly better results than REMEDHUS, which may be related to the larger scale of the former network. Moreover, the best results were obtained when all networks were jointly considered. In contrast, the spatial matching produced worse results for all the cases studied.These results showed that the recent reprocessing of the L2 products (v5.51) improved the accuracy of soil moisture retrievals such that they are now suitable for developing new L3 products, such as the presented in this work. Additionally, the validation based on comparisons between dense/sparse networks and satellite retrievals at a coarse resolution showed that temporal patterns in the soil moisture are better reproduced than spatial patterns.  相似文献   

晚第四纪湖泊沉积物盐类与碎屑矿物反相关关系的沉积学解释   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张成琦  李育  周雪花  王岳 《冰川冻土》2015,37(1):95-108

湖泊沉积物中矿物组合是古气候环境研究的敏感性指标之一, 充分认识湖泊沉积物中各类矿物组合类型、沉积过程, 对正确解释矿物学指标有重要意义. 我国晚第四纪湖泊沉积记录中, 盐类矿物与碎屑矿物含量普遍存在反相关关系, 影响了矿物组合作为气候指标的解释和应用. 从地球科学的角度正确理解这种关系, 可以为湖泊动力学以及古气候环境定量研究提供重要的科学依据. 选择甘肃民勤盆地石羊河下游终端湖猪野泽不同位置5个全新世剖面, 在明确湖泊沉积物来源、搬运方式和沉积动力机制的基础上, 研究了以碳酸盐矿物为主的盐类矿物含量与粒度指标之间的关系. 结果表明:猪野泽各剖面砂层富含的中砂、细砂沉积物主要是来自于巴丹吉林沙漠和腾格里沙漠的风成砂; 水动力作用主导了湖相沉积层200 μm以下沉积物的沉积, 风力作用对20~70 μm粉砂组分沉积也有所贡献. 同时, 猪野泽湖相沉积层中高含量的碳酸盐主要来自于流水搬运, 湖相沉积层位200 μm以下的粉砂和极细砂是碳酸盐的主要富集区. 综上所述, 干旱区湖泊沉积物中盐类矿物含量与其沉积过程密切相关, 盐类矿物在全球变化研究中的应用要建立在充分研究其沉积动力机制的基础上.  相似文献   

内蒙古哈达门沟金矿构造演化及成矿控矿构造特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

牛树银  孙爱群  马宝军  江思宏  聂凤军  张建珍  王宝德  夏冬 《地学前缘》2015,22(1):223-237

哈达门沟金矿是内蒙古迄今最大的金矿床,具有超大型金矿床规模。金的成矿作用对岩性没有明确的选择性,而主要是受褶皱断裂构造的控制。成矿流体主要来自深源,在有利的构造扩容带中聚积成矿。研究表明,该区的构造变形从早到晚,力学性质往往从塑性到脆性,构造规模从小到大,构造类型则是褶皱与剪切带同时形成,或相间发育。该区主要经历了4个期次的强烈褶皱剪切作用,并形成了主要的成矿控矿构造。第一期构造变形时岩石的流变性较强,褶皱幅度较小,一般多表现为小规模的塑性流变褶皱,并产生了小规模韧性剪切带;第二期(主期)褶皱以乌拉山主峰为主的东西向区域规模的复式背、向斜(形),并在主期褶皱的倒转翼发育了一系列与褶皱同向延伸的脆韧性剪切带,它们构成了区域性构造薄弱带;第三期为横跨叠加褶皱,使近东西向褶皱发生了南北向蛇形弯曲,伴随该期褶皱作用形成了低绿片岩相韧脆性剪切带,为深源成矿流体的贯入与集聚成矿提供了很好的赋存空间,是主要的成矿控矿构造;第四期构造变形则以区域性隆升作用为主,使早期褶皱发生横弯褶皱的同时,还将深部形成的金矿体抬升至浅部。文中在成矿控矿构造研究的基础上,探讨了矿床成矿规律,提出了找矿远景。  相似文献   

Ecological water demand of natural vegetation in the lower Tarim River     

YE Zhaoxia  CHEN Yaning  LI Weihong 《地理学报》2010,20(2):261-272

We have appraised the relationships between soil moisture, groundwater depth, and plant species diversity in the lower reaches of the Tarim River in western China, by analyzing field data from 25 monitoring wells across eight study sites and 25 permanent vegetation survey plots. It is noted that groundwater depth, soil moisture and plant species diversity are closely related. It has been proven that the critical phreatic water depth is five meters in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. We acquired the mean phreatic evaporation of different groundwater levels every month by averaging the two results of phreatic evaporation using the Qunk and Averyanov formulas. Based on different vegetation types and acreage with different groundwater depth, the total ecological water demand (EWD) of natural vegetation in 2005 was 2.4×108 m3 in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. Analyzing the monthly EWD, we found that the EWD in the growth season (from April to September) is 81% of the year’s total EWD. The EWD in May, June and July was 47% of the year’s total EWD, which indicates the best time for dispensing artificial water. This research aims at realizing the sustainable development of water resources and provides a scientific basis for water resource management and sound collocation of the Tarim River Basin.  相似文献   

渗流-化学溶解耦合作用下岩石单裂隙渗透特性研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

速宝玉  张文捷  盛金昌  许孝臣  詹美礼  刘继山 《岩土力学》2010,31(11):3361-3366

为揭示在渗流-化学溶解耦合作用下单裂隙渗透特性的变化规律,建立了描述二维渗流-化学溶解耦合作用的偏微分方程组,并利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件成功地求解该方程组。首先,模拟了文献[1]中的盐岩渗流-溶解耦合渗流试验结果,数值模拟结果与试验结果较为吻合,验证了数学模型的正确性和有效性。然后,利用分形理论生成了一个粗糙的裂隙面数字模型,着重分析了二维石灰岩粗糙裂隙面在水流、矿物溶解和输运过程中其渗透特性的变化规律。数值分析显示,（1）溶质浓度对裂隙面的溶解具有非常重要的作用,从而水流进口端的溶解厚度比出口端大得多。（2）裂隙的整体渗透性在初始时刻增加较慢,随着裂隙开度的增大和贯通,溶解速度会逐渐增大,是一个加速的过程。  相似文献   

我国绿洲化及其研究的若干问题初探   总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1  

王涛 《中国沙漠》2010,30(5):995-998

绿洲化是干旱区由于人与自然因素共同作用所导致的由荒漠向绿洲转变的过程。我国干旱区绿洲化面积从20世纪50年代后期的2.5万km2扩大到10.4万km2,绿洲化主要是改变了水循环,也就可以改善局部或更大范围的生态环境,提高生产力。可以说,绿洲化是一个将自然生态系统通过人类活动提升至人工生态系统的过程。但绿洲低水平、无序的开发也可以使绿洲稳定性下降和绿洲退化,在降低或丧失绿洲土地生产力的同时,还引发一系列生态环境问题,如河道断流、湖泊萎缩、植被退化、土壤侵蚀等。因此,需要开展系统的研究,在全面认知人类活动与气候变化作用下水、土、气、生过程及其相互作用的基础上,揭示绿洲化特征及其时空格局演化、过程、驱动机制,为建立绿洲化的调控与管理模式提供科学依据。  相似文献   

新安江模型在高寒无资料地区的水文过程模拟(英文)     

舒畅  刘苏峡  莫兴国  王昆  郑超磊  张守红 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2010,1(2):186-192

由于冰雪的存在及缺乏地面观测站点资料,高寒地区的水文模拟研究一直面临很大的困难。遥感数据能够提供大范围时空尺度上的地面信息对无资料地区有很大帮助。MODIS数据具有较高的时空分辨率深受人们关注。本文以长江上游泥曲流域为例,探求将MODIS遥感数据与地面气温数据相结合对新安江模型径流模拟的帮助,方法步骤如下:(1)建立MODIS雪覆盖面积与流域周围站气温关系,获取气温阈值;(2)依据气温阈值判别降水形式并计算融雪水当量;(3)将雨雪分离后的降水信息输入新安江模型模拟径流,并与新安江模拟结果(未考虑雨雪分离)和实测径流进行比较。研究结果显示改进方案(考虑雨雪分离)模拟效果更好,将有助于提高新安江模型在高寒无资料地区的径流模拟精度,为高寒无资料地区水资源管理及生态需水研究提供帮助。  相似文献   

A comparative simulation study of coupled THM processes and their effect on fractured rock permeability around nuclear waste repositories     

Jonny Rutqvist  Deborah Barr  Jens T. Birkholzer  Kiyoshi Fujisaki  Olaf Kolditz  Quan-Sheng Liu  Tomoo Fujita  Wenqing Wang  Cheng-Yuan Zhang 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(6):1347-1360

This paper presents an international, multiple-code, simulation study of coupled thermal, hydrological, and mechanical (THM) processes and their effect on permeability and fluid flow in fractured rock around heated underground nuclear waste emplacement drifts. Simulations were conducted considering two types of repository settings (1) open emplacement drifts in relatively shallow unsaturated volcanic rock, and (2) backfilled emplacement drifts in deeper saturated crystalline rock. The results showed that for the two assumed repository settings, the dominant mechanism of changes in rock permeability was thermal–mechanically induced closure (reduced aperture) of vertical fractures, caused by thermal stress resulting from repository-wide heating of the rock mass. The magnitude of thermal–mechanically induced changes in permeability was more substantial in the case of an emplacement drift located in a relatively shallow, low-stress environment where the rock is more compliant, allowing more substantial fracture closure during thermal stressing. However, in both of the assumed repository settings in this study, the thermal–mechanically induced changes in permeability caused relatively small changes in the flow field, with most changes occurring in the vicinity of the emplacement drifts.  相似文献   

二次光化学氧化剂与气溶胶间的非均相过程   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

葛茂发  刘泽  王炜罡 《地球科学进展》2009,24(4):351-362

光氧化剂和气溶胶颗粒物在大气环境中普遍存在,影响着大气氧化能力和气候,威胁着人类健康。而大气光氧化剂与气溶胶颗粒物间复杂的耦合相互作用能产生二次污染物,使得大气污染过程更为复杂,成为国际大气化学研究的前沿和热点课题。挥发性有机物（VOCs）和氮氧化物（NOx）等一次污染物在大气中经过复杂的光化学反应可形成以臭氧（O3）为主的二次光化学氧化剂,并以大气气溶胶为平台发生非均相反应,使大气污染更严重,引起人们普遍关注。二次光化学氧化剂和气溶胶颗粒物之间非均相过程的实验室研究是深入认识这两者间耦合相互作用的关键,实验室研究可以为分析和深入认识外场观测结果提供基础,还能为数值模式模拟研究提供基本参数。概括了大气二次光化学氧化剂的形成过程,总结了国际上近年来二次光化学氧化剂与大气气溶胶颗粒物非均相反应的实验室研究进展以及研究方法,最后提出了现有的一些主要科学问题,对未来这一重要领域的研究前景进行了展望。  相似文献   

TWO DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FLOW AND GEO-MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES NEAR HEADLANDS BY USING UNSTRUCTURED GRID     

A.MOHAMMADIAN  M.TAJRISHI  F.LOTFIAZAD 《国际泥沙研究》2004,19(4)

1 INTRODUCTION In recent years, due to the increase in population and industrial developments, mankind has faced manyproblems associated with rivers, coastal waters and reservoirs. Some of these problems are flood control,water supply, power generation, and irrigation. In addition, making new hydraulic structures changesnatural conditions. Prediction of these changes is necessary for designing such constructions. For solutionof these problems usually an assessment of flow pattern, sedim…  相似文献