广东花岗岩类温泉水-汽转化过程中氡浓度的变化及其危害     

宋刚  张伯友  王新明  龚经平 《水文地质工程地质》2004,31(4):62-65

广东省是我国温泉出露最多的省份之一。在温泉附近建立温泉宾馆,是利用温泉资源大力发展本地旅游业的有效途径之一。本文利用新型NR 667A连续测氡仪测量了广东省4处温泉宾馆室内外空气中氡浓度以及室内温泉水氡浓度。温泉水氡浓度变化范围为53 4～292 5Bq L,室外氡浓度范围是17～48Bq m3,而客房内平均氡浓度水平比没有用温泉水时高出10 9%～813%,浴室内氡浓度比没有用温泉水洗浴时高出13 8%～516%。在宾馆室内使用温泉水有较高的氡转换系数。某些宾馆室内氡浓度超标,可能对宾馆工作人员造成潜在健康危害,应采取一些管理措施或技术手段降低其暴露时间或程度。  相似文献   

长江流域水资源、灾害及水环境状况初步分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

姜加虎  王苏民 《第四纪研究》2004,24(4):512-517

长江是我国第一、世界第三大河流,发源于青藏高原,全长6300多公里,流域面积180×104km²,占中国陆地面积的1/5。长江及其流域不仅以其不可替代的自然资源优势和其他江河无法比拟的区位优势,在我国国民经济和社会发展中扮演着举足轻重的角色,特别是约占全国的36%、拥有9616×10⁸m³的年径流量(为黄河的20倍),是我国最重要的水源地。这不仅对长江流域资源优势的发挥和缓解我国北方地区日趋严重的水资源短缺问题至关重要,而且对全国的可持续发展也将产生深远影响。然而,在长江流域大规模开发及经济快速发展的同时,人类活动与自然规律的负面效应相互叠加,导致了流域环境的生态调节和自我恢复功能大幅降低,引起了日趋严重的水环境退化、洪涝灾害威胁加剧等问题。文章首先对长江流域水资源的重要性及其作用做了分析,肯定了其丰富的资源和重要的战略地位,该流域在占全国不足18%的土地上,集中了40%以上的人口及国民生产总值,而且其经济地位有进一步上升的趋势,在水量及水能的蕴藏上,全流域湖泊面积达10323km²,占我国淡水湖泊总面积的37.2%,水能蕴藏总计达2.7×10⁸kW。另外,对长江流域日趋严重灾害及水环境问题做了探讨,尤其中游的洪水、淤积以及随着经济发  相似文献   

The impact of hydrological changes on travertine deposits related to thermal springs in the Pamukkale area (SW Turkey)   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Dilsiz  Cüneyt  Marques  José Manuel  Carreira  Paula Maria Mimo 《Environmental Geology》2004,45(6):808-817

Pamukkale thermal waters (35 °C), exhibiting calcium-bicarbonate-sulfate composition and high carbon dioxide concentration, are of a predominantly meteoric origin. The meteoric fluid, circulating through faults and fractures, is heated by magmatic intrusions at great depth, and ascends from deep reservoirs to the surface. Mixing with relatively cold groundwater in the near surface zone promotes different saturation conditions with respect to calcium carbonate that later precipitates at depth and/or the surface. Dissolution-deposition processes of calcium carbonate both at surface and depth environments may help to reconstruct past climate direction in the field. During wet climate conditions a high-rate of calcium carbonate accumulation would be expected to occur at the surface because thermal fluid would be under-saturated with respect to calcium carbonate at depth because of a relatively higher mixing ratio with cold groundwater. During dry climate conditions the thermal fluid would be super-saturated at depth because of the highly acidic environment. Hydrometeorological studies reveal that the annual precipitation at the Pamukkale hydrothermal field tends to decrease with time. This climatic change in the area was also detected from geological records. While humid climate conditions prevailed during the late Quaternary, the area has recently been affected by arid/semi-arid climate conditions, followed by some episodic transitions. This study has shown how the system has possibly reacted to different climate conditions since antiquity.  相似文献   

旱作春小麦蒸散量测算方法的比较   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

杨兴国  杨启国  柯晓新  张旭东 《中国沙漠》2004,24(5):651-656

采用波文比—能量平衡法和蒸渗计对农田蒸散量进行了为期3a的对比观测试验。结果表明，在半干旱雨养农业区，两者测算的农田蒸散量平均偏差为20％，波文比—能量平衡法计算值大于蒸渗计实测值，基本满足精度要求；无感热平流时两种方法所得蒸散量相关性较有感热平流时的好；在平流逆温状态下采用波文比—能量平衡法的计算误差大于非平流状态下的计算误差；由于蒸渗计隔断了与周围农田的水热交换，导致了蒸渗计测量的蒸散量较采用波文比—能量平衡法的计算值偏低，其偏差大小需要进一步试验确定。  相似文献   

Modelling the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall: a case study in the wet and dry tropics of North East Australia     

A.K.L. Johnson 《The Australian geographer》2004,35(1):39-57

Rainfall regimes with strong spatial and temporal variation are characteristic of many coastal regions of north and eastern Australia. In coastal regions of north eastern Australia, regimes vary considerably over short distances. This occurs because of changes in local topography, including the height and orientation of mountain ranges and the direction of the coastline with respect to the prevailing moist south east air stream. Northern Australia experiences a tropical monsoon climate with rainfall occurring predominantly during the summer months. Areas with a closer proximity to the coast typically experience the heavier rainfalls. While networks of rainfall gauges have been established and continuous records are available for most of these stations from the 1890s, their low distribution density relative to the complexity of rainfall pattern they are required to represent means that there remains a poor understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall in the wet tropics. An enhanced knowledge of rainfall distribution in both space and time has the potential to deliver significant economic and environmental benefits to managers of natural resources. This paper reports on the application of a technique for estimating mean annual and mean monthly rainfall across the Herbert River catchment of north east Australia's dry and wet tropics. The technique utilises thin plate smoothing splines to incorporate both location and elevation into estimates of rainfall distribution. We demonstrate that the method can be applied successfully at the meso scale and within the domain of routinely available data. As such, the method has broad relevance for decision making.  相似文献   

Efficient analysis of pile-group effect on seismic stiffness and strength design of buildings     

Izuru Takewaki  Akiko Kishida 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2005,25(5):355-367

A new efficient method is developed for the analysis of pile-group effects on the seismic stiffness and strength design of buildings with pile foundations. An efficient continuum model consisting of a dynamic Winkler-type soil element and a pile is used to express the dynamic behavior of the structure-pile-soil system with only a small numerical error. The pile-group effect is taken into account through the influence coefficients among piles which are defined for interstory drifts and pile-head bending moments. It is shown that, while the pile-group effect reduces the interstory drift of buildings in general, it may increase the bending moment of piles at the head. This means that the treatment without the pile-group effect results in the conservative design for super-structures and requires a revised member design for piles.  相似文献   

Controlling factors of gullying in the Maracujá Catchment,southeastern Brazil     

L. de A. P. Bacellar  A. L. Coelho Netto  W. A. Lacerda 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2005,30(11):1369-1385

Hundreds of gullies (‘voçorocas’) of huge dimensions (up to 400–500 m long, 150 m wide and 50 m deep) are very common in the small Maracujá Catchment in southeastern Brazil. These erosional features, which occur with an uneven intensity throughout the area, started due to bad soil management practices at the beginning of European settlement, at the end of the 17th century, and nowadays are still evolving, but at a slower rate. As surface soils are usually very resistant to erosion, the outcrop of the more erodible basement saprolites seems to be an essential condition for their beginning. An analysis of well known erosion controlling factors was performed, aiming to explain the beginning and evolution of these gullies and to understand the reasons for their spatial distribution. Data shows that geology and, mainly, geomorphology are the main controlling factors, since gullies tend to be concentrated in basement rock areas with lower relief (domain 2) of Maracujá Catchment, mainly at the fringes of broad and flat interfluves. At the detailed scale (1:10 000), gullies are more common in amphitheatre‐like headwater hollows that frequently represent upper Quaternary gullies (paleogullies), which demonstrate the recurrence of channel erosion. So, gullies occur in areas of thicker saprolites (domain 2), in places with a natural concentration of surface and underground water (hollows). Saprolites of the preserved, non‐eroded hollows are usually pressurized (confined aquifer) due to a thick seal of Quaternary clay layer, in a similar configuration to the ones found in hollows of mass movement (mudflow) sites in southeastern Brazil. Therefore, the erosion of the resistant soils by human activities, such as road cuts and trenches (‘valos’), or their mobilization by mudflow movements, seem to be likely mechanisms of gullying initiation. Afterwards, gullies evolve by a combination of surface and underground processes, such as wash and tunnel erosion and falls and slumps of gully walls. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Growth patterns and implications of complex dendrites in calcite travertines from Lýsuhóll, Snæfellsnes, Iceland     

BRIAN JONES  ROBIN W. RENAUT†  R. BERNHART OWEN‡  HELGI TORFASON§ 《Sedimentology》2005,52(6):1277-1301

Calcite dendrite crystals are important but poorly understood components of calcite travertine that forms around many hot springs. The Lýsuhóll hot-spring deposits, located in western Iceland, are formed primarily of siliceous sinters that were precipitated around numerous springs that are now inactive. Calcite travertine formed around the vent and on the discharge apron of one of the springs at the northern edge of the area. The travertine is formed largely of two types (I and II) of complex calcite dendrite crystals, up to 1 cm high, that grew through the gradual addition of trilete sub-crystals. The morphology of the dendrite crystals was controlled by flow direction and the competition for growth space with neighbouring crystals. Densely crowded dendrites with limited branching characterize the rimstone dams whereas widely spaced dendrites with open branching are found in the pools. Many dendrite bushes in the pools nucleated around plant stems. Growth of the dendrite crystals was seasonal and incremental. Calcite precipitation was driven by rapid CO₂ degassing of CO₂-rich spring waters during the spring and summer. During winter, when snow covered the ground and temperatures were low, opal-A precipitated on the exposed surfaces of the dendrites. Segmentation of dendrite branches by discontinuities coated with opal-A and overgrowth development around sub-crystals resulted from this seasonal growth cycle. The calcite dendrite crystals in the Lýsuhóll travertine differ in morphology from those at other hot springs, such as those at Lake Bogoria, Kenya, and Waikite in New Zealand. Comparison with the calcite dendrite crystals found at those sites shows that dendrite morphology is site-specific and probably controlled by carbonate saturation levels that, in turn, are controlled by the rate of CO₂ degassing and location in the spring outflow system.  相似文献   

Test of a distributed modelling approach to predict flood flows in the karst Suoimuoi catchment in Vietnam     

Y. B. Liu  O. Batelaan  F. De. Smedt  N. T. Huong  V. T. Tam 《Environmental Geology》2005,48(7):931-940

The major obstacles for modelling flood processes in karst areas are a lack of understanding and model representations of the distinctive features and processes associated with runoff generation and often a paucity of field data. In this study, a distributed flood-modelling approach, WetSpa, is modified and applied to simulate the hydrological features and processes in the karst Suoimuoi catchment in northwest Vietnam. With input of topography, land use and soil types in a GIS format, the model is calibrated based on 15 months of hourly meteorological and hydrological data, and is used to simulate both fast surface and conduit flows, and groundwater discharges from karst and non-karst aquifers. Considerable variability in the simulation accuracy is found among storm events and within the catchment. The simulation results show that the model is able to represent reasonably well the stormflows generated by rainfall events in the study catchment.  相似文献   

Urban stormwater thermal gene expression models for protection of sensitive receiving streams          下载免费PDF全文

A.M.A. Sattar  B. Gharabaghi  F. Sabouri  A.M. Thompson 《水文研究》2017,31(13):2330-2348

Thermal impact of typical high‐density residential, industrial, and commercial land uses is a major concern for the health of aquatic life in urban watersheds, especially in smaller, cold, and cool‐water streams. This is the first study of its kind that provides simple easy‐to‐use equations, developed using gene expression programming (GEP) that can guide the assessment and the design of urban stormwater management systems to protect thermally sensitive receiving streams. We developed 3 GEP models using data collected during 3 years (2009–2011) from 4 urban catchments; the first GEP model predicts event mean temperature at the inlet of the pond; the second model predicts the stormwater temperature at the outlet of the pond; and the third model predicts the temperature of the stormwater after flowing through a cooling trench and before discharging to the receiving stream. The new models have high correlation coefficients of 0.90–0.94 and low prediction uncertainty of less than 4% of the median value of the predicted runoff temperatures. Sensitivity analysis shows that climatic factors have the highest influence on the thermal enrichment followed by the catchment characteristics and the key design variables of the stormwater pond and the cooling trench. The general method presented here is easily transferable to other regions of the world (but not necessarily the exact equations developed here); also through sensitivity and parametric analysis, we gained insight on the key factors and their relative importance in modelling thermal enrichment of urban stromwater runoff.  相似文献