Monitoring of Impact of Ferti‐irrigation by Post‐methanated Distillery Effluent on Groundwater Quality     

Jaspal Chauhan  Jai Prakash Narayan Rai 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2010,38(7):630-638

The impact assessment of molasses‐based distillery‐effluent irrigation on groundwater quality around village Gajraula in the district of Jyotiba Phule Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India was studied by sampling groundwater on monthly intervals consecutively for summer, winter and monsoon seasons during 2006–2007 and water quality parameters, viz. pH, electrical conductivity (EC), chloride (Cl^?), sulphate (SO), nitrate (NO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total solids (TS), total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), zinc (Zn²⁺), iron (Fe³⁺), and total coliforms (TC) were monitored. Results depicted that the values of all parameters decreased with increasing depth of water table. Sulphate, nitrate and potassium contents were maximal in agricultural site during monsoon while EC, Cl^?, TS, TDS, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Zn, and Fe were maximal in industrial sites during summer. Groundwater samples of residential site harboured maximum coliforms especially during monsoon, highlighting threat to groundwater. Significant positive correlation matrix between coliforms with nitrate, sulphate and potassium ions explained their survival on these nutrients. To overcome this, important measures emphasizing improvement in effluent treatment technology matching site‐specific characteristics are recommended for eco‐friendly ferti‐irrigation.  相似文献   

A preliminary assessment of nitrate degradation in simulated soil environments   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

U.?Atxotegi  M.?Z.?IqbalEmail author  A.?C.?Czarnetzki 《Environmental Geology》2003,45(2):161-170

This study was directed toward a preliminary assessment of nitrate degradation in northeast Iowa soils. Soil experimental plots were created with variable combinations of fertilizers, ethanol, irrigation, and plant growth. The maximum average concentration of nitrate was much higher in the chemically fertilized plots (500 mg/km) than those fertilized organically (120 mg/kg). This was attributed to the excessive ammonia volatilization from the applied cow manure. Soil nitrate dropped from 155 to 50 mg/kg in a matter of 3 weeks in the deep samples of the intermittently irrigated plots. This is because higher soil moisture lowered the oxygen level, which favored denitrification. Although ethanol seemed to have restricted the release of nitrate in the manure-treated plots, the data are not conclusive. The highest degradation of soil-nitrate (lowest recovered 38 mg/kg) was observed in the plots that simultaneously grew corn, received cow manure, and were not irrigated. Soils in these plots were depleted of nitrogen by ammonia volatilization from manure, and through the uptake by corn plants. Nitrification of organic nitrogen to nitrate was restricted in plots that were left without irrigation. Rain events helped nitrification on the surface, but promoted denitrification at depth.  相似文献   

Assessment of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes: a case study of Peddavanka watershed, Anantapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

S. Srinivasa Gowd 《Environmental Geology》2005,48(6):702-712

In India, the quantity and quality of water available for irrigation is variable from place to place. Assessment of water quality has been carried out to determine the sources of dissolved ions in groundwater. Quality of groundwater in a 398 km² Peddavanka watershed of a semi-arid region of south India is evaluated for its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. The middle Proterozoic Cuddapah Supergroup and Kurnool Group of rocks underlie most of the watershed. The main lithologic units consist chiefly of quartzite, limestone, and shale. Seventy-six water samples were collected from open-wells and bore-holes. Water samples were collected representative of the post-monsoon (winter) and pre-monsoon (summer). The quality assessment is made through the estimation of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, CO₃²⁻, HCO₃⁻, total hardness as CaCO₃, TDS, EC, and pH. Based on these analyses, parameters like sodium adsorption ratio, % sodium, residual sodium carbonate, non-carbonate hardness, potential salinity, Kelley’s ratio, magnesium ratio, index of base exchange and permeability index were calculated. According to Gibbs‘ ratio samples in both seasons fall in the rock dominance field. The overall quality of waters in the study area in post-monsoon season is high for all constituents ruling out pollution from extraneous sources.  相似文献   

Impact of spatial and temporal aggregation of input parameters on the assessment of irrigation scheme performance     

I.J. Lorite  L. Mateos  E. Fereres   《Journal of Hydrology》2005,300(1-4):286-299

The simulations of dynamic, spatially distributed non-linear models are impacted by the degree of spatial and temporal aggregation of their input parameters and variables. This paper deals with the impact of these aggregations on the assessment of irrigation scheme performance by simulating water use and crop yield. The analysis was carried out on a 7000 ha irrigation scheme located in Southern Spain. Four irrigation seasons differing in rainfall patterns were simulated (from 1996/1997 to 1999/2000) with the actual soil parameters and with hypothetical soil parameters representing wider ranges of soil variability. Three spatial aggregation levels were considered: (I) individual parcels (about 800), (II) command areas (83) and (III) the whole irrigation scheme. Equally, five temporal aggregation levels were defined: daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly and annually.

The results showed little impact of spatial aggregation in the predictions of irrigation requirements and of crop yield for the scheme. The impact of aggregation was greater in rainy years, for deep-rooted crops (sunflower) and in scenarios with heterogeneous soils. The highest impact on irrigation requirement estimations was in the scenario of most heterogeneous soil and in 1999/2000, a year with frequent rainfall during the irrigation season: difference of 7% between aggregation levels I and III was found. Equally, it was found that temporal aggregation had only significant impact on irrigation requirements predictions for time steps longer than 4 months. In general, simulated annual irrigation requirements decreased as the time step increased. The impact was greater in rainy years (specially with abundant and concentrated rain events) and in crops which cycles coincide in part with the rainy season (garlic, winter cereals and olive).

It is concluded that in this case, average, representative values for the main inputs of the model (crop, soil properties and sowing dates) can generate results within 1% of those obtained by providing spatially specific values for about 800 parcels.  相似文献   

The impact of freshwater and wastewater irrigation on the chemistry of shallow groundwater: a case study from the Israeli Coastal Aquifer   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

A. Kass  I. Gavrieli  Y. Yechieli  A. Vengosh  A. Starinsky   《Journal of Hydrology》2005,300(1-4):314-331

Differences in the impact of irrigation with freshwater versus wastewater on the underlying shallow groundwater quality were investigated in the Coastal Aquifer of Israel. Seven research boreholes were drilled to the top-most 3–5 m of the saturated zone (the water table region-WTR) in the agricultural fields. The unsaturated zone and the WTR below the irrigated fields consist mainly of clayey sands, while the main aquifer comprises mainly of calcareous sandstones and sands. We show that the salinity and composition of the groundwater at the WTR are highly variable over a distance of less than 1 km and are controlled by the irrigating water and the processes in the overlying unsaturated zone. Tritium data in this groundwater (4.6 tritium units (TU)) support that these water are modern recharge. The water at the WTR is more saline and has a different chemical composition relative to the overlying irrigation water. High SAR values (sodium adsorption ratio) in wastewater irrigation lead to absorption of Na⁺ onto the clay and release of Ca²⁺ into the recharging water, resulting in low Na/Cl (0.4 compared to 1.2 in the wastewater) and high Ca/Cl ratios. In contrast, in the freshwater-irrigated field the irrigation water pumped from the aquifer (Na/Cl=0.9; SAR=0.6) is modified into Na-rich groundwater (Na/Cl=2.0) due to reverse base-exchange reactions. The high NO₃ concentration (>100 mg/l) in the WTR below both fields is derived from the agricultural activities. In the freshwater field, the source of NO₃ is fertilizer leachates, whereas in the wastewater field, where less fertilizers are applied, nitrate is probably derived from nitrification of the NH₄ in the wastewater. Some of the original inorganic nitrogen in the wastewater is consumed by the agricultural plants, resulting in a lower inorganic-N/Cl ratio in the WTR as compared to that in the wastewater. This study demonstrates the important role of the composition of irrigation water, combined with lithology and land use, in determining the quality of the water that recharge the aquifer below agricultural fields.  相似文献   

Groundwater quality suitable zones identification: application of GIS,Chittoor area,Andhra Pradesh,India   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Srinivasarao Yammani 《Environmental Geology》2007,53(1):201-210

Due to uneven spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall and lack of sufficient water management technologies, the development activities of the society are totally depending on groundwater resources. In addition to the prevailing drought-prone conditions, the improperly treated and unplanned release of effluents of industry, municipal and domestic into the nearby streams and ponds and the majority usage of groundwater for irrigation are increasing the ionic concentration of the groundwater and making it more saline. The analytical results of the collected groundwater samples show that the groundwater is alkaline, and sodium and bicarbonate are the dominant cation and anion, respectively. Gibbs variation diagram shows that the control of the chemistry of groundwater in the study area is the weathering of granitic gneisses and also the leaching of evaporated and crystallized ions from the topsoil of the irrigated areas and improperly treated industrial effluent ponds. GIS, a potential tool for facilitating the generation and use of thematic information, has been applied and analyzed for identification of groundwater quality suitable zones for domestic and irrigation purposes. 30.06% of the area is with suitable, 67.45% of the area is with moderately suitable and 2.45% of the area is with unsuitable quality of groundwater for domestic purpose. 46% of the area is with suitable, 53.36% of the area is with moderately suitable and 0.64% of the area is with unsuitable quality of groundwater for irrigation purpose.  相似文献   

内蒙古河套灌区作物种植结构变化及其驱动因素   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

高永道  乔荣荣  季树新  白雪莲  王理想  常学礼 《中国沙漠》2021,41(3):110-117

农业种植结构是区域农业生产的重要部分,是决定区域水、土资源分配的核心。以2000—2018年MODIS NDVI多时相遥感数据为基础,结合不同物候期玉米、小麦、向日葵和番瓜的野外光谱测定和种植区GPS标定,构建了基于阈值分割的作物识别方法,分析了河套灌区主要农作物种植结构变化及驱动因素。结果表明：玉米等4类作物种植面积变化趋势存在差异,其中玉米种植面积71.1×10³—199.3×10³ hm²,呈波动上升趋势（P<0.001）;小麦49.3×10³—249.2×10³ hm²,呈波动下降趋势（P<0.001）;向日葵140.2×10³—337.4×10³ hm²,呈波动上升趋势（P<0.001）;番瓜6.4×10³—68.3×10³ hm²,呈波动上升趋势（P<0.001）。研究时段内向日葵发生转换的面积最大,向日葵种植用地向玉米、小麦和番瓜转移面积为107.9×10³ hm²。作物种植面积变化驱动因素是引黄水量、地下水埋深、气温、人口活动、社会经济发展（GDP）和城市建设因素共同作用的结果。  相似文献   

Spatio-temporal analysis of markets for groundwater irrigation services in India: 1976–1977 to 1997–1998     

Aditi Mukherji 《Hydrogeology Journal》2008,16(6):1077-1087

Using secondary data generated from three rounds (31st, 48th and 54th) of the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) of India, a macro-level estimate of the spread of markets for groundwater supported pump irrigation services in India was derived for two periods of time, 1976–1977 and 1997–1998. This estimate is the first of its kind that presents a spatio-temporal analysis of the markets for pump rental and irrigation services at an all-India level. The results, computed using simple statistics, show that the area irrigated through pump irrigation services has increased from an estimated 1.0 million ha in 1976–1977 to an estimated 20.0 million ha in 1997–1998. The analyses also calls into question two myths prevalent in literature, that these markets were under-developed in eastern India in the 1970s and 1980s, and that in recent times they are shrinking in southern peninsular India due to groundwater depletion. The policy implication is that there is a need for re-orientation in the way irrigation statistics are collected in India so as to include a category of hired irrigation services and establish a comparable survey design for future use.  相似文献   

A scale-based framework to understand the promises,pitfalls and paradoxes of irrigation efficiency to meet major water challenges     

《Global Environmental Change》2020

An effective placement of irrigation efficiency in water management will contribute towards meeting the pre-eminent global water challenges of our time such as addressing water scarcity, boosting crop water productivity and reconciling competing water needs between sectors. However, although irrigation efficiency may appear to be a simple measure of performance and imply dramatic positive benefits, it is not straightforward to understand, measure or apply. For example, hydrological understanding that irrigation losses recycle back to surface and groundwater in river basins attempts to account for scale, but this generalisation cannot be readily translated from one location to another or be considered neutral for farmers sharing local irrigation networks. Because irrigation efficiency (IE) motives, measures, effects and technologies play out at different scales for different people, organisations and purposes, and losses differ from place to place and over time, IE is a contested term, highly changeable and subjective. This makes generalisations for science, management and policy difficult. Accordingly, we propose new definitions for IE and irrigation hydrology and introduce a framework, termed an ‘irrigation efficiency matrix’, comprising five spatial scales and ten dimensions to understand and critique the promises, pitfalls and paradoxes of IE and to unlock its utility for addressing contemporary water challenges.  相似文献