Lessons from JI and GIS for post-2012 carbon finance mechanisms in Russia and Ukraine     

Anna Korppoo  Olga Gassan-Zade 《Climate Policy》2013,13(2):224-241

The main incentives for Russia's and Ukraine's participation in the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol were its mechanisms. The opportunities that the anticipated post-2012 mechanisms will offer Russia and Ukraine are explored in light of the lessons from Joint Implementation (JI) and the Green Investment Scheme (GIS) during this first period. Four key factors that explain the success of these mechanisms are identified: the design of the mechanisms, the role of the private sector in their implementation, the coordination required, and the political will gained. Even though a weak rule of law, problems with policy implementation, and the ambiguous role of private-sector actors are not ‘make or break’ issues, they are likely to defer future mechanisms. Success and failure will, rather, hinge on the priority these factors are accorded by the top leadership. It is likely that simple mechanisms that only involve a few actors will be less complicated to set up and run than, for instance, emissions trading schemes (which require domestic burden sharing). Project-based options in which domestic actors have gained experience may be better suited. However, any lessons prior to the new mechanisms taking a clearer shape must be considered as preliminary.

Policy relevance

The Kyoto Protocol mechanisms, despite their problems, provided Russia and Ukraine with their main incentives for participation in the Protocol's first commitment period. As the chances that these countries will participate in the second commitment period seem slim, the opportunities that the anticipated post-2012 mechanisms will offer Russia and Ukraine are explored in light of the lessons from JI and GIS. The key factors that have determined the success and failure of these mechanisms are likely to be of relevance to future mechanisms. It is argued that – of the post-2012 options available – simple mechanisms with few actors involved should be chosen. Project-based options rather than emissions trading schemes may be more likely to succeed due to experience gained by domestic actors.  相似文献   

山西省阳城县矿山地质环境评价——以皇城联营煤矿为例     

刘玲  吕惠进  成晋松 《地质灾害与环境保护》2011,22(2):23-27

从煤炭资源毁损、地质灾害、环境污染三个方面,对皇城联营煤矿地质环境的历史、现状及发展趋势进行评价.针对存在的问题提出相应的对策措施,以合理利用矿山资源,保护矿山地质环境.  相似文献   

浅层地震反射和折射层析成像在海州—韩山断裂探测中的联合应用     

夏暖  吴子泉  付俊东  张建民  王冬雷  彭刘亚 《地震》2021,41(4):136-147

海州—韩山断裂是连云港地区一条重要断裂, 属于海泗断裂带的西边界断裂。 断裂隐伏于较浅的覆盖层之下且控制了基岩岩性分界。 浅层地震反射法作为断层探测的首选方法, 对海州—韩山断裂进行探测时仅能识别出基岩顶面反射波, 难以实现对断裂的准确判别。 而折射层析成像法适用于速度横向差异大的区域, 可获取断层两盘岩性速度差异信息, 进而判定断层位置, 弥补反射法的不足。 本文在跨海州—韩山断裂同一位置上联合应用浅层地震反射和折射层析成像两种探测方法, 进行了钻孔联合剖面探测和合成地震记录验证。 研究表明, 浅层地震反射和折射层析成像两种方法联合探测海州—韩山断裂, 较单一方法可对断层实现更精准的定位, 获取更丰富的断层信息, 为类似地质条件下的断层探测提供了思路。  相似文献   

利用多波地震与测井数据联合反演预测煤岩的坚固性   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

芦俊  王赟  石瑛 《地球物理学报》2011,54(11):2967-2972

基于煤岩的坚固性、变形模量以及纵、横波速度之间的岩石力学规律,提出用多波地震与测井数据的联合反演定量化预测煤岩的坚固性.根据煤田三维三分量地震采集的特点,建立了PP波与PS波平均入射角部分叠加道集的井约束反演流程;利用煤岩的坚固性系数与变形模量之间的换算关系对目标煤层的坚固性系数空间变化规律进行预测,并划分可能发生煤与...  相似文献   

地震与大地电磁测深数据的自适应正则化同步联合反演   总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

陈晓  于鹏  张罗磊  李洋  王家林 《地球物理学报》2011,54(10):2673-2681

在传统的联合反演研究中,地球物理学者往往更多地关注数据拟合,很少涉及正则化理论.本文在电阻率和速度随机分布的大地电磁测深(MT)与地震联合反演研究的基础之上,将正则化思想引入到同步联合反演中,加入先验信息进行模型约束,选取最小模型为稳定泛函,并首次采用自适应正则化算法来确定联合反演的正则化因子.根据以往研究成果,采用非...  相似文献   

Joint elastic‐electrical effective medium models of reservoir sandstones     

Angus I. Best  Lucy M. MacGregor  Jeremy Sothcott  Tim A. Minshull 《Geophysical Prospecting》2011,59(4):777-786

Improvements in the joint inversion of seismic and marine controlled source electromagnetic data sets will require better constrained models of the joint elastic‐electrical properties of reservoir rocks. Various effective medium models were compared to a novel laboratory data set of elastic velocity and electrical resistivity (obtained on 67 reservoir sandstone samples saturated with 35 g/l brine at a differential pressure of 8 MPa) with mixed results. Hence, we developed a new three‐phase effective medium model for sandstones with pore‐filling clay minerals based on the combined self‐consistent approximation and differential effective medium model. We found that using a critical porosity of 0.5 and an aspect ratio of 1 for all three components, the proposed model gave accurate model predictions of the observed magnitudes of P‐wave velocity and electrical resistivity and of the divergent trends of clean and clay‐rich sandstones at higher porosities. Using only a few well‐constrained input parameters, the new model offers a practical way to predict in situ porosity and clay content in brine saturated sandstones from co‐located P‐wave velocity and electrical resistivity data sets.  相似文献   

地磁场K变化的信息熵   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

齐玮  王秀芳  王仁明  李夕海  刘代志 《地球物理学报》2011,54(3):780-786

K指数作为最常用的一种地磁活动指数,它描述的是地磁场不规则变化的扰动程度,因此,地磁场的不规则变化又称为K变化.K指数虽已有70多年的历史,并在世界范围内被普遍接受,然而,它只能反映扰动的幅度,无法反映扰动的次数,只标定扰动幅度最大的分量,无法给出地磁场三分量扰动的总体描述,同时,K指数的标定还与坐标选择有关.从信息科...  相似文献   

三维复杂层状介质中多震相走时联合反演成像   总被引：8，自引：5，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

白超英  黄国娇  李忠生 《地球物理学报》2011,54(1):182-192

采用新近提出的改进型不规则最短路径多次波射线追踪正演技术,结合共轭梯度法求解带约束的阻尼最小二乘最优化反演问题,讨论了三维复杂层状模型中利用多震相走时资料进行联合反演成像的技术方法.考虑到不同震相种类走时的拾取误差不同,反演算法中引入了不同震相种类数据的权系数;另外,考虑到同时反演速度模型和反射界面起伏中不同参数变化对...  相似文献   

声波定向随钻对接钻井技术及其运用     

熊斌辉 《海洋地质译丛》2014,(1):86-91

常规的钻井导向技术测量是钻头的空间方位,误差与钻井深度成正比,不能满足随钻井眼直接对接要求.与常规钻井导向技术不同,声波定向随钻对接钻井技术是在靶点测量安装在钻挺的声波发生器的声波时差确定钻头与靶点的相对方向.钻头与靶点越近,测量精度越高,对接时误差小于1 cm.对接钻井技术省事、省时、省钱,在对接钻井、防碰钻井、重叠钻井、平行钻井等各种特殊钻井领域有广泛地运用价值.  相似文献   

International low carbon technology transfer: Do intellectual property regimes matter?     

《Global Environmental Change》2014

Transfer of low carbon technologies to developing countries has been recognized as important in global efforts to limit climate change. Yet the mechanics of international technology transfer, especially around intellectual property rights, have remained a controversial issue in international negotiations. Using a new dataset on international partnerships in China and India in three key low carbon technologies—solar photovoltaics, electric vehicles, and coal gasification/integrated gasification combined cycle—and complementary expert interviews we study the dynamics of the transfer of intellectual property and the underlying drivers that guide the development of business strategies and partnerships in the context of transitioning intellectual property regimes in emerging markets. We find that weak intellectual property regimes are indeed a hindrance to the diffusion of certain classes of low carbon technologies: (i) for cutting-edge technologies, (ii) for fully-embodied (explicitly codified) technologies, and (iii) for small firms. However, we also find that intellectual property issues do not represent a barrier to the diffusion of the relatively mature and low to medium cost low carbon technologies that are materially (at scale) most important for carbon dioxide emissions reduction in the short to medium term. Competitive technology supply, shifting market dynamics, and increasingly vigorous domestic innovation coupled with mechanisms and opportunities to structure credible intellectual property deals allow for the diffusion of key low carbon technologies to occur within the context of existing business, political, and institutional structures.  相似文献