Diatom assemblages and water depth in Lake 239 (Experimental Lakes Area,Ontario): implications for paleoclimatic studies   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Melissa?T. MoosEmail author  Kathleen R.?Laird  Brian?F.?Cumming 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2005,34(2):217-227

Diatom assemblages in surface sediments were sampled along three transects in Lake 239, from the Experimental Lakes Area (NW Ontario), and analyzed in order to explore the relationship between modern species distributions and water depth. Approximately 170 diatom species were identified in surficial sediments at lake depths from 2 to 30 m. The species composition varied with sample depth but remained highly similar across all three transects. The main patterns of variation in the diatom assemblages across transects, derived from a detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), showed that assemblages were highly correlated (r = 0.97 to 0.98). At depths > 8 m the pattern of predominantly benthic composition changed to a planktonic assemblage dominated by Cyclotella stelligera. This depth currently corresponds to the depth of 1% light penetration as assessed from extinction coefficient measurements. Diatom species diversity increases with the switch to the near-shore benthic taxa in all three transects. Additionally, there is a large decrease in the ratio of chrysophyte scales to diatoms at depths < 8 m. Light transmission data from wet and dry periods over the last 35 years suggests that during dry periods the extent of the littoral zone should change by over 2 m. We suggest that cores along a transect from 8 to 14 m should provide a highly sensitive location for detailed paleoclimatic study.  相似文献   

Hydrochemical variations during flood pulses in the south‐west China peak cluster karst: impacts of CaCO3–H2O–CO2 interactions     

Zaihua Liu  Chris Groves  Daoxian Yuan  Joe Meiman  Guanghui Jiang  Shiyi He  Qiang Li 《水文研究》2004,18(13):2423-2437

High‐resolution measurements of rainfall, water level, pH, conductivity, temperature and carbonate chemistry parameters of groundwater at two adjacent locations within the peak cluster karst of the Guilin Karst Experimental Site in Guangxi Province, China, were made with different types of multiparameter sonde. The data were stored using data loggers recording with 2 min or 15 min resolution. Waters from a large, perennial spring represent the exit for the aquifer's conduit flow, and a nearby well measures water in the conduit‐adjacent, fractured media. During flood pulses, the pH of the conduit flow water rises as the conductivity falls. In contrast, and at the same time, the pH of groundwater in the fractures drops, as conductivity rises. As Ca²⁺ and HCO₃^? were the dominant (>90%) ions, we developed linear relationships (both r² > 0·91) between conductivity and those ions, respectively, and in turn calculated variations in the calcite saturation index (SI_C) and CO₂ partial pressure (P) of water during flood pulses. Results indicate that the P of fracture water during flood periods is higher than that at lower flows, and its SI_C is lower. Simultaneously, P of conduit water during the flood period is lower than that at lower flows, and its SI_C also is lower. From these results we conclude that at least two key processes are controlling hydrochemical variations during flood periods: (i) dilution by precipitation and (ii) water–rock–gas interactions. To explain hydrochemical variations in the fracture water, the water–rock–gas interactions may be more important. For example, during flood periods, soil gas with high CO₂ concentrations dissolves in water and enters the fracture system, the water, which in turn has become more highly undersaturated, dissolves more limestone, and the conductivity increases. Dilution of rainfall is more important in controlling hydrochemical variations of conduit water, because rainfall with higher pH (in this area apparently owing to interaction with limestone dust in the lower atmosphere) and low conductivity travels through the conduit system rapidly. These results illustrate that to understand the hydrochemical variations in karst systems, considering only water–rock interactions is not sufficient, and the variable effects of CO₂ on the system should be evaluated. Consideration of water–rock–gas interactions is thus a must in understanding variations in karst hydrochemistry. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Identification of karst features using seismic P-wave tomography and resistivity anisotropy measurements     

Abdullah?KaramanEmail author  Turhan?Karaday?lar 《Environmental Geology》2004,45(7):957-962

A football stadium with a capacity of a hundred thousand spectators is under construction over a karst terrain, 10 km west of the old town of Istanbul, Turkey. A large cavity of approximately 30 m³ was detected beneath the sports field through a number of boreholes so that a geophysical survey was required to further investigate a portion of the sports field. We utilized seismic refraction tomography and dc-electrical method with rotated Wenner array to delineate zones with solution voids and cavities. Total core recovery (TCR) was 5–15% from boreholes where zones with low velocities were identified through tomographic inversion, whereas TCR values were above 60% in zones with higher velocities. Both low velocity zones in the tomographic images and increasing resistivity anisotropy with depth appear to indicate that the cavity extends toward the west and south at a depth of approximately 8 m, although the southward and westward extension changes in character.  相似文献   

Study on the relationship between lineaments and borehole specific capacity in a fractured and karstified limestone area in Vietnam   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

V.?T.?Tam  F.?De?Smedt  O.?BatelaanEmail author  A.?Dassargues 《Hydrogeology Journal》2004,12(6):662-673

For a karstified limestone area in NW Vietnam, the relationship between the distribution of lineaments and borehole specific capacity is determined, resulting in the conclusion that not only the borehole geomorphological-hydrogeological position but also the lineament distribution influences the specific capacity.No significant spatial well yield patterns are evident in this highly fractured-karstified region. The supposition is that lineaments caused by geotectonic activities affect the local variability in borehole specific capacity. Sixteen pumping tests in conjunction with a comprehensive lineament analysis are used to prove this relationship. The boreholes and lineaments are classified into two groups according to their similarity in geomorphological-hydrogeological features. Lineaments tend to be less detectable in discharge areas (lowland, wide and flat valleys) in contrast to the high density in recharge areas (highland narrow-mountainous ravines). In addition, the presence of a stream network in the former can act as a recharge source to the underlain karstic groundwater system. Consequently, boreholes that are in the discharge areas with a lower density of lineaments often produce high yield. For recharge areas with a high density of lineaments, a good correlation is found between lineament density and borehole specific capacity.

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Resumen El resultado ha sido la conclusión de que tanto la distribución de lineamientos como el nivel base local de erosión, i. e. la red de arroyos, influyen el rendimiento de los pozos. No hay ningún patrón evidente significativo de rendimiento de pozos según parámetros espaciales en esta región altamente karstificada y fracturada. La suposición es que los lineamientos causados por actividad geotectónica afectan la variabilidad local de rendimiento de los pozos. Se han utilizado dieciséis pruebas de bombeo en conjunción con un análisis de lineamientos amplio para descubrir la relación. Los pozos y lineamientos se han clasificado en dos grupos de acuerdo con sus similitudes en rasgos geomorfológicos-hidrogeológicos. Se tiende a detectar menos lineamientos en valles anchos y planos en contraste con la alta densidad en áreas de valles montaosos angostos. Adicionalmente, la presencia de una red de arroyos en estos últimos puede actuar como fuente de recarga del sistema de aguas subterráneas kárstico subyacente. En consecuencia, los pozos que se encuentran en el área con una menor densidad de lineamientos pero cercanos a un nivel local base de erosión frecuentemente tienen un rendimiento alto. En el caso de los valles angostos con una alta densidad de lineamientos, se ha encontrado una correlación alta entre densidad de lineamientos y rendimiento de pozos.

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Résumé La relation entre la distribution des linéaments et le rendement des puits est déterminée pour une région dans le nord ouest du Vietnam composée de calcaires karstiques. La conclusion qui résulte de lanalyse de cette relation est que la distribution des linéaments ainsi que leur niveau local dérosion affectent le rendement des puits. Aucune tendance na été observée dans la distribution spatiale des puits selon leur rendement au sein de cette région karstique grandement fracturée. On suppose que les linéaments produits par lactivité géotectonique ont une influence sur la variabilité locale du rendement des puits. Les résultats de seize essais de pompage et une analyse complète des linéaments sont utilisés pour établir la relation. Les puits et les linéaments sont classés en deux groupes selon la similarité de leur caractéristiques géomorphologiques et hydrogéologiques. Les linéaments sont plus difficilement repérables dans les grandes vallées plates que dans les étroites vallées de montagne, qui présentent une densité élevée de linéaments. De plus, la présence de rivières dans les premières peut contribuer à la recharge du système découlement souterrain karstique sous-jacent. Par conséquent, les puits situés dans les régions à faible densité en linéaments, mais qui se trouvent près de linéaments à niveau local dérosion élevé présentent souvent un rendement élevé. Dans les vallées étroites ayant une grande densité de linéaments, il y a généralement une corrélation élevée entre la densité des linéaments et le rendement des puits.

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Storm pulse chemographs of saturation index and carbon dioxide pressure: implications for shifting recharge sources during storm events in the karst aquifer at Fort Campbell,Kentucky/Tennessee,USA   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

Dorothy?J.?VesperEmail author  William?B.?White 《Hydrogeology Journal》2004,12(2):135-143

Continuous records of discharge, specific conductance, and temperature were collected through a series of storm pulses on two limestone springs at Fort Campbell, western Kentucky/Tennessee, USA. Water samples, collected at short time intervals across the same storm pulses, were analyzed for calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, total organic carbon, and pH. Chemographs of calcium, calcite saturation index, and carbon dioxide partial pressure were superimposed on the storm hydrographs. Calcium concentration and specific conductance track together and dip to a minimum either coincident with the peak of the hydrograph or lag slightly behind it. The CO₂ pressure continues to rise on the recession limb of the hydrograph and, as a result, the saturation index decreases on the recession limb of the hydrograph. These results are interpreted as being due to dispersed infiltration through CO₂-rich soils lagging the arrival of quickflow from sinkhole recharge in the transport of storm flow to the springs. Karst spring hydrographs reflect not only the changing mix of base flow and storm flow but also a shift in source of recharge water over the course of the storm.

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Resumen Se ha registrado en continuo la descarga, conductancia específica y temperatura de una serie de episodios de tormenta en dos manantiales en calizas ubicados en Fort Campbell, en el oeste de Kentucky/Tennessee (Estados Unidos de América). Se ha analizado muestras de agua recogidas en breves intervalos de tiempo durante los episodios de tormenta, determinando el calcio, magnesio, bicarbonato, carbono orgánico total y pH. Se ha superpuesto quimiogramas de calcio, índice de saturación en calcita y presión parcial de dióxido de carbono en los hidrogramas de las tormentas. La concentración de calcio y la conductancia específica se comportan de forma similar y presentan un mínimo que coincide también con un pico del hidrograma o que se retrasa ligeramente con respecto a él. La presión de dióxido de carbono sigue aumentando en la rama de recesión del hidrograma y, como consecuencia, disminuye el índice de saturación de la rama de recesión del hidrograma. Se interpreta que estos resultados son debidos a la infiltración dispersa a través de suelos enriquecidos en dióxido de carbono que retrasan el flujo rápido desde la recarga en los sumideros hasta su afloramiento en los manantiales. Los hidrogramas en manantiales kársticos reflejan no sólo la mezcla cambiante del flujo de base y el de tormenta, sino también el cambio en el origen del agua de recarga durante el curso de la tormenta.

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Résumé Lenregistrement en continu du débit, de la conductivité et de la température de leau a été réalisé au cours dune série de crues à deux sources émergeant de calcaires, à Fort Campbell (Kentucky occidental, Tennessee, États-Unis). Des échantillons deau, prélevés à de courts pas de temps lors de ces crues, ont été analysés pour le calcium, le magnésium, les bicarbonates, le carbone organique total et le pH. Les chimiogrammes de calcium, dindice de saturation de la calcite et de la pression partielle en CO₂ ont été superposés aux hydrogrammes de crue. La concentration en calcium et la conductivité de leau se suivent bien et passent par un minimum correspondant au pic de lhydrogramme ou légèrement retardé. La pression partielle en CO₂ continue de croître au cours de la récession de lhydrogramme de même que lindice de saturation de la calcite décroît. Ces résultats sont interprétés comme étant dus à linfiltration dispersée au travers de sols riches en CO₂, décalée par rapport à larrivée de lécoulement rapide provenant de la recharge, à partir dune perte, de lécoulement de crue vers les sources. Les hydrogrammes de sources karstiques ne reflètent pas seulement le mélange variable de lécoulement de base et de lécoulement de crue, mais également un changement dorigine de leau de la recharge au cours de lépisode de crue.

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Water-resources reconnaissance of Île de la Gonâve,Haiti     

Joseph?W.?TroesterEmail author  Michael?D.?Turvey 《Hydrogeology Journal》2004,12(2):224-236

Île de la Gonâve is a 750-km² island off the coast of Haiti. The depth to the water table ranges from less than 30 m in the Eocene and Upper Miocene limestones to over 60 m in the 300-m-thick Quaternary limestone. Annual precipitation ranges from 800–1,400 mm. Most precipitation is lost through evapotranspiration and there is virtually no surface water. Roughly estimated from chloride mass balance, about 4% of the precipitation recharges the karst aquifer. Cave pools and springs are a common source for water. Hand-dug wells provide water in coastal areas. Few productive wells have been drilled deeper than 60 m. Reconnaissance field analyses indicate that groundwater in the interior is a calcium-bicarbonate type, whereas water at the coast is a sodium-chloride type that exceeds World Health Organization recommended values for sodium and chloride. Tests for the presence of hydrogen sulfide-producing bacteria were negative in most drilled wells, but positive in cave pools, hand-dug wells, and most springs, indicating bacterial contamination of most water sources. Because of the difficulties in obtaining freshwater, the 110,000 inhabitants use an average of only 7 L per person per day.

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Resumen La Isla de la Gonavê, cercana a la costa de Haití, tiene 750 km². La profundidad al nivel freático está comprendida entre menos de 30 m para las calcitas del Eoceno y Mioceno Superior y más de 60 m en el acuífero de calcitas cuaternarias, el cual posee 300 m de espesor. La precipitación anual varía entre 800–1.400 mm, si bien la mayor parte se pierde por evapotranspiración y prácticamente no hay aguas superficiales. Según un balance de masas de cloruros, alrededor del 4% de la precipitación recarga el acuífero kárstico. Las cavidades y manantiales son una fuente habitual de agua. Los pozos excavados proporcionan agua en las áreas costeras. Pocos pozos productivos se han perforado a más de 60 m. El reconocimiento de los análisis de campo indica que las aguas subterráneas son de tipo bicarbonatado-cálcico en el interior, mientras que es de tipo clorurado-sódico en la costa, donde se sobrepasan las concentraciones recomendadas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud para sodio y cloruro. Los ensayos efectuados para detectar la presencia de bacterias productoras de sulfuro de hidrógeno resultaron negativos en la mayoría de los pozos perforados, pero fueron positivos en la muchos manantiales explotados y en todos los manantiales, cavidades y pozos excavados, hecho que indica la contaminación bacteriana de la mayor parte de fuentes de agua. Debido a las dificultades para obtener agua dulce, los 110.000 habitantes utilizan una media de sólo 7 L por persona al día.

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Résumé LÎle de la Gonâve est une île de 750 km² au large de la côte dHaïti. La profondeur de la nappe varie entre moins de 30 m dans les calcaires de lÉocène et du Miocène supérieur à plus de 60 m dans les calcaires quaternaires épais de 300 m. Les précipitations annuelles sont comprises entre 800–1.400 mm. La plus grande partie des précipitations est perdue par évapotranspiration et il ny a pratiquement pas deau de surface. Le bilan de masse des chlorures permet destimer à 4% des précipitations le montant de la recharge de laquifère karstique. Des bassins dans les grottes et des sources sont la source deau courante. Des puits creusés à la main fournissent de leau dans les zones côtières. Quelques puits productifs ont été forés dépassant 60 m de profondeur. Lanalyse des reconnaissances de terrain indique que les eaux souterraines à lintérieur de lîle sont de faciès bicarbonaté calcique, tandis que leau près de la côte a un faciès chloruré sodique dépassant les valeurs recommandées par lOMS pour le sodium et les chlorures. Des tests pour la présence de bactéries productrices dhydrogène sulfuré se sont révélés négatifs dans la plupart des forages, mais positifs dans la plupart des sources captées et tous les autres sources, bassins de grottes et puits creusés à la main, ce qui indique une contamination bactérienne de la plupart des sources deau. Du fait des difficultés pour sapprovisionner en eau douce, les 110.000 habitants utilisent en moyenne seulement 7 L par personne et par jour.

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利用输沙量预测现代黄河三角洲的面积增长   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

孙效功  杨作升 《海洋与湖沼》1995,26(1):76-82

依据１９７６－１９８９年黄河亚三角洲的面积数据及其相应年份的利津站黄河来沙量，利用单输入，单输出的线性系模型对黄河三角洲的面积增长进行动态预测研究。结果表明，这一线性系统模型能较好地反映黄河三角洲的面积增长规律，且优于灰色系统的ＧＭ（１，１）模型。  相似文献   

厦门国家级自然保护区厦门文昌鱼资源及其保护   总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5  

方少华  吕小梅  张跃平 《海洋科学》2002,26(10):9-12

根据2001年4月－2002年3月在厦门文昌鱼（Branchiostoma belcheri)自然保护区进行4个季度月的文昌鱼资源调查资料，估算保护区内文昌鱼现有资源量约有27.6t，分析了影响文昌鱼生存的不利因素，并对保护区管理与保护提出建议。  相似文献   

A Practical Algorithm for the External Annotation of Area Features     

Maxim Rylov  Andreas Reimer 《The Cartographic journal》2017,54(1):61-76

One of the subtasks of automated map labelling that has received little attention so far is the labelling of areas. Geographic areas are often are represented by concave polygons which pose severe limitations on straightforward solutions due to their great variety of shape, a fact worsened by the lack of measures for quantifying feature-label relationships. We introduce a novel and efficient algorithm for labelling area features externally, i.e. outside their polygonal boundary. Two main contributions are presented in the following. First, it is a highly optimized algorithm of generating candidate placements utilizing algorithms from the field of computational geometry. Second, we describe a measure for scoring label positions. Both solutions based on a series of well-established cartographic precepts about name positioning in the case of semantic enclaves such as islands or lakes. The results of our experiments show that our algorithm can efficiently place labels with a quality that is close to the quality of traditional cartographic products made by human cartographers.  相似文献   

跨省山区陆路交通网络可达性评价——以乌蒙山区为例     

刘安乐  杨承玥  明庆忠  秦趣 《地域研究与开发》2017,36(1)

基于交通地理学的基本理论和GIS技术,构建跨省山区空间阻隔可达性模型,并以跨滇川黔三省的乌蒙山区42个县(市、区)为研究个案进行分析。结果表明:1区内可达性表现出显著的中心外围递减的圈层空间格局特征;2区外可达性表现出显著的东西分异格局特征;3乌蒙山区综合交通可达性整体水平较低,中心城镇可达性水平相对较好,整体差异不大,可达性水平表现出明显的低均衡性特征。综合交通可达性具体表现出"核心-外围"圈层分异结构特征和东部与西部分异结构特征。建议从跨省区域交通网络合作、快速交通网络大通道、区域交通网络联通率、全域交通运输方式的变革等方面重视跨省山区交通网络建设。  相似文献