Lower Triassic δC isotope curve from shallow-marine carbonates in Japan, Panthalassa realm: Confirmation of the Tethys δC curve     

Micha Horacek  Toshio Koike  Sylvain Richoz 《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2009,36(6):481

δ¹³C data from Tethyan sections provide evidence of profound changes in the carbon cycle during the Lower Triassic. Sections from the Panthalassa realm were investigated to establish whether these variations are also present there. In the Jurassic accretionary wedges in Japan, exotic blocks having a Panthalassan affinity, have been incorporated. The majority of the blocks are pelagic cherts but rare shallow-water carbonates are also present. We present a δ¹³C study on the Lower Triassic of a shallow-water carbonate succession deposited on a mid-oceanic seamount and accreted to the Chichibu Belt, Japan. Two sections have been measured at Kamura, central Kyushu Island. The carbon isotope curve shows depleted values across the Permian–Triassic boundary (PTB), subsequently followed by an increase to heavier values into the Dienerian, culminating in a maximum of almost +4‰ V-PDB, before a steep drop at a stratigraphic gap. Low values are recorded in the Smithian, but rise to enriched δ¹³C values > +3.5‰ near the Smithian–Spathian boundary. The observed trend of the stable carbon isotope curve from Japanese sediments mirrors the curves derived from sections in the Tethys (e.g. Italy, Iran, Turkey, Oman and the South China Nanpanjing Basin). Our results support the interpretation of this curve as representing a global trend across the PTB and in the Lower Triassic, although some distinct features are absent around the Dienerian/Smithian boundary. Profound variations of the carbon isotope curve in the Lower Triassic are presented for the first time from a marine section outside of the Tethys. They indicate severe, global changes in the Lower Triassic carbon cycle, and the causative processes must have significantly contributed to the delayed biotic recovery after the PTB. Large amounts of carbon were shifted between carbon reservoirs, most probably between shallow- and deep-ocean waters, and/or ocean and sediment. Anoxia followed by overturn of the ocean water masses may have been the mechanism which quickly altered ecological conditions in the ocean leading to variable availability of nutrients and oxygen, and changes in isotope composition of the available carbon in the surface waters that was incorporated in the precipitated carbonate.  相似文献   

Coronate echinoderms from the Ordovician of the Llanddowror area,South Wales     

Patrick D. McDermott  Christopher R. C. Paul 《Geological Journal》2015,50(2):173-188

A large sample of coronates (over 90 specimens) from a narrow horizon in the Upper Ordovician, Sholeshook Limestone, at Talfan Farm, Llanddowror, South Wales allows assessment of variation and growth in a population of these rare Palaeozoic echinoderms. Variation is extensive and we synonymize two previously described species. This occurrence extends the stratigraphic range of Cupulocorona rugosa Donovan and Paul down to Cautleyan, Zone 2. Internal moulds reveal new morphological features, especially of the coronal canals. The flattened blade‐like and kite‐shaped portions support the idea that the coronal canals functioned in respiratory gas exchange by increasing the surface area. We suggest that internal currents flowed up the inner (adoral) canal and down the outer (aboral) canal. Quantitative estimates of flow rate suggest that a volume of coelomic fluid equivalent to the entire body cavity could be flushed through the coronal canals in 10 seconds at most. These coronates probably lived attached by a relatively long stem with a simple, conical holdfast and bent over in gentle currents. They seem to have been characteristic of relatively high‐energy environments and are not generally distributed in the Sholeshook Limestone of South Wales. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Kadesh Barnea (Water Shall Flow from the Rock)     

A. S. Issar 《Environmental Geology》1996,27(2):85-86

The spring mentioned quite frequently in the Bible as a camp of the tribes of Israel was Kadesh Barnea. From here the mission headed by Joshua and Caleb went to find the promised land and from here the first attempt to enter the land was made. Kadesh Barnea is an ideal place for the concentration of people in the middle of the desert.  相似文献   

Aspects of U-Th fractionation in Tertiary limestones and calcretes of Dhofar,southern Oman     

Bernhard Pracejus  Narasimman Sundararajan  Salah Al-Khirbash  Talal Al-Hosni  A. Ebrahimi  Shakil Al-Bulushi  Ali Al-Lazki  Musadem Al-Maashani 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2018,78(4):479-489

This paper presents findings from a comprehensive geochemical and geophysical re-examination of known radiogenic anomalies in Tertiary limestones and (sub-)recent calcretes of southwestern Dhofar in the Sultanate of Oman. U-Th-enrichments seem to be associated with deep-rooted fault systems that cross-cut C_org-rich shales at depths of some 800–1000?m, which generally show elevated gamma-ray levels in southern Oman and act as the initial geochemical trap. Metals and radiogenic elements, such as K (max?1945?ppm), U (max?44?ppm), and Th (max?26?ppm) mobilised from these rocks and emplaced higher up in the faults must have constituted radiogenic lineaments at and near the surface (observed in a different but difficult to access location). However, successive weathering partially obscured such anomalies through further re-mobilisation/-mineralisation processes within the calcretes that also enriched Sr and V. In these carbonates, uranium correlates positively with Sr but not very well with V, while thorium shows moderate positive correlations with Sr and V. Both U and Th are also not present (i.e., below the detection limits of a few ppm) in a second sample group that represents background conditions. Being much more immobile than U, Th remained closer to the original western fault positions of the examined site (outlined by magnetics and VLF-EM during the surveys), while uranium moved down-dip over the plateau and through underlying sub-horizontal strata towards the eastern fault system. Here, supergene Sr-enriched calcite preferentially incorporated U, thus reflecting the observed U-Th fractionation.  相似文献   

Comparison between scarp and dip-slope rivers of the Cotswold Hills,UK     

Jonathan D. Paul  Nick Watson  Edward Tuckwell 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2018,129(1):57-69

The Cotswold Hills, southwest UK, are properly described as a cuesta, with a steep, west-facing scarp slope and a plateau-like dip slope. Drainage reflects this surface morphology, with most rivers flowing southeast along topographic and stratigraphic dip. Here, we compare two superficially highly similar rivers – the Frome and Churn – whose sources are nearly coincident, but whose behaviour dramatically diverges thereafter. We examine longitudinal profiles, channel steepness, predicted discharge, and valley shapes, using digital topographic data. River discharge and water hardness/temperature values were obtained at seven sites on the Churn and nine on the Frome over a two-year sampling campaign, delineated into summer and winter phases. Nearly 100 borehole records were interrogated from the two catchments in order to assess groundwater level variations. The Frome, flowing west against regional dips, develops a steep course and has carved a deep and wide valley that exposes the full sequence of Cotswold Jurassic stratigraphy. On the other hand, discharge and channel gradients are lower for the dip-slope Churn, whose valley exposes less stratigraphy and fewer springs. Our measurements of river water hardness and temperature suggest that a greater proportion of groundwater flows into the Frome, regulating discharge and maintaining baseflow over summer. We suggest that flank uplift of the Cotswolds is at least part of the reason for the higher incision rates of the River Frome, leading to its intersecting a greater number of highly transmissive fractures that contribute to its discharge. In turn, the increased discharge could positively impact local incision rates.  相似文献   

顺托果勒奥陶系一间房组超深层灰岩储层类型及储集空间定量表征     

焦存礼  何碧竹  王天宇  尤东华  韩俊  高晓鹏  彭守涛  赵学琴 《岩石学报》2018,34(6):1835-1846

顺托果勒地区位于塔里木盆地北部坳陷带顺托果勒低隆起之上。该区中奥陶统一间房组发育台地相碳酸盐岩沉积,地层厚度为168～220m,埋深主要在6300～7850m,超深层储层是研究的关键。经过系统的岩心、铸体薄片、电镜观察和岩心微纳米CT检测分析,发现该套储层以致密灰岩储层为主,包括砂屑灰岩、凝块灰岩、藻粘结灰岩和藻灰岩等岩石类型。储集空间包括生屑遮避孔、铸模孔、粒内孔、晶内孔、微裂缝和溶蚀孔洞,其中粒内孔是主要储集空间类型。物性分析和储集空间的三维定量表征表明,储层以台内滩相亮晶藻屑砂屑灰岩和凝块灰岩为最好,孔隙度主要为2%～4%,少量可达12.14%;其次是藻粘结灰岩和藻灰岩。构造热液交代作用形成蚀变灰岩,发育溶蚀孔洞、微孔隙和微裂缝,构成良好储集空间体系,从而形成优质储层,这对超深层天然气勘探具有重要价值。  相似文献   

Late Oligocene Kangaroo Well Local Fauna from the Ulta Limestone (new name), and climate of the Miocene oscillation across central Australia     

《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(5):701-741

The Late Oligocene Kangaroo Well Local Fauna from the Ulta Limestone (new name), northwestern Lake Eyre Basin correlates best with vertebrate assemblages from the Etadunna, Namba and Wipajiri Formations of the central Lake Eyre Basin, and from the Carl Creek Limestone (Karumba Basin) of northwestern Queensland. The biochronologically informative marsupials, Neohelos tirarensis (Diprotodontidae, Zygomaturinae), Marlu sp. cf. M. kutjamarpensis and Pildra sp. cf. P.magnus (Pseudocheiridae), and Ektopodon ulta sp. nov. (Ektopodontidae), indicate that the Kangaroo Well Local Fauna may be slightly older than the Kutjamarpu Local Fauna (Wipajiri Formation) and slightly younger than the Ngama Local Fauna (zone D of the Etadunna Formation) of Late Oligocene age. A new species of primitive ?Wynyardiidae, Ayekaye jaredi sp. nov., is described, and the nomenclature of two extinct gastropods, Glyptophysa rodingae (McMichael) and Cupedora Iloydi (McMichael) (new combinations), the type localities of which are in the Ulta Limestone, is revised in line with current taxonomy. The Ulta Limestone, an alluvial calclithite composed primarily of caliche fabrics, and its correlatives were deposited during the Miocene oscillation climatic event. Palaeoclimatic modelling using sedimentological data, crocodilians and extant analogs of fossil terrestrial gastropods indicates that the average annual temperature at Kangaroo Well during the Late Oligocene was probably between 14 and 20°C, while mean annual rainfall was probably <600 mm. Similar associations from central parts of the Lake Eyre Basin, from Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland, and from Bullock Creek, north‐central Northern Territory, indicate that such conditions were widespread during depositional phases of the Miocene oscillation. Palaeoclimatic indicators do not support the presence of widespread closed forests in northwestern Queensland and across the inland of the Northern Territory and South Australia during the Miocene oscillation.  相似文献   

New symmetrodonts (Mammalia, Theria) from the Purbeck Limestone Group, Lower Cretaceous, southern England     

P. Ensom  D. Sigogneau-Russell 《Cretaceous Research》2000,21(6):767

Le genre Spalacotherium Owen fût initialement créé à partir de spécimens provenant du Groupe de Purbeck en 1854. Cet article décrit une nouvelle espèce, S. evansae, provenant d'un site purbeckien découvert en 1986; celle-ci est représentée non seulement par des molaires inférieures et supérieures mais peut-être aussi par des molaires de lait. Le genre Tinodon n'était, jusqu'à maintenant, connu que dans la Formation Morrison du Wyoming, USA, un peu plus ancienne que celle de Purbeck; quelques molaires inférieures et surtout une molaire supérieure du même gisement sont attribuées à une nouvelle espèce, T. micron, ce qui ajoute un genre à la liste des taxons communs aux deux formations. La molaire supérieure de T. micron est particulièrement intéressante en ce qu'elle fournit des indications sur un taxon occupant une position clé dans la phylogénie des symmétrodontes, tout en soulevant le problème d'homologie des tubercules.  相似文献   

A model of early evolution of karst conduits affected by subterranean CO2 sources   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

F. Gabrovšek  B. Menne  W. Dreybrodt 《Environmental Geology》2000,39(6):531-543

 In investigating early karstification of one-dimensional conduits by computer models, so far one has assumed that the CO₂ content of the calcite aggressive water stems entirely from the surface. Subterranean sources of CO₂, however, can rejuvenate the solutional power of water already close to equilibrium with respect to calcite, and boost dissolution rates. In a first scenario we have investigated the influence of a punctual source of CO₂ as the most simple case of release of CO₂ into a karstifiable fracture at some position KL from its entrance of the widening joint with length L, (K<1). The results show that only a small increase of the p _CO2 in the solution to about 0.01 atm is sufficient to reduce the breakthrough times to about 0.3 with respect to the case, where no CO₂ is delivered. Other sources of CO₂ are due to the metabolic activity of microorganisms. The existence of such diverse subterraneous microbial life in karst systems is demonstrated. Whether situated on the fissure surfaces or free floating in the karst water, one basic product of their metabolism is CO₂. This contributes over the whole flow path to the p _CO2 of the karst water. Therefore in a second scenario we assumed a constant rate of CO₂-input along parts of the fracture, as could be delivered by the activity of aerobic bacteria dwelling at its walls. Such a scenario also applies to an extended diffuse CO₂ migration from volcanic activity deep underground. In this case drastic reductions of the breakthrough time by about one order of magnitude are observed. These reductions are enhanced when the fracture aperture width of the initial fracture decreases. The physicochemical mechanisms of enhancement of karstification are discussed in detail by considering the evolution of the fracture aperture width and of the dissolution rates in space and time. Received: 17 December 1998 · Accepted 23 April 1999  相似文献   

The conservation of Britain's limestone cave resource     

P. Hardwick  J. Gunn 《Environmental Geology》1996,28(3):121-127

 Limestone caves are an important scientific and recreational resource in Britain. During the mid- to late 1970s, cavers and statutory conservation bodies cooperated in a review of cave resources which resulted in the designation of 48 caves or cave areas as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). During the same period, the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 was introduced to provide more effective planning controls on activities such as agriculture carried out within SSSI boundaries. In one case, at Priddy in the Mendip Hills of Somerset, landowners prevented access to a number of caves in protest over the new, tougher restrictions on agriculture. Faced with the closure, and perceiving that their recreational use of caves might also be controlled, local cavers joined the landowners in opposing the proposals for SSSI designation. As a result the proposals were reviewed, three caves were excluded from the site and controls on the remaining area were relaxed. The case emphasized a need for an effective system to take account of all factors affecting cave conservation, a need which has led to a more constructive dialogue between nature conservation bodies, caver organizations and other interested parties. Received: 1 June 1995 · Accepted: 4 December 1995  相似文献