An overview of the geology of the Transvaal Supergroup dolomites (South Africa)   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

P. G. Eriksson  W. Altermann 《Environmental Geology》1998,36(1-2):179-188

 In the Neoarchaean intracratonic basin of the Kaapvaal craton, between approximately 2640 Ma and 2516 Ma, two successive stromatolitic carbonate platforms developed. Deposition started with the Schmidtsdrif Subgroup, which is probably oldest in the southwestern part of the basin, and which contains stromatolitic carbonates, siliciclastic sediments and minor lava flows. Subsequently, the Nauga formation carbonates were deposited on peritidal flats located to the southwest and were drowned during a transgression of the Transvaal Supergroup epeiric sea, around 2550 Ma ago. This transgression led to the development of a carbonate platform in the areas of the preserved Transvaal and Griqualand West basins, which persisted for 30–50 Ma. During this time, shales were deposited over the Nauga Formation carbonates in the southwestern portion of the epeiric sea. A subsequent period of basin subsidence led to drowning of the stromatolitic platform and to sedimentation of chemical, iron-rich silica precipitates of the banded iron formations (BIF) over the entire basin. Carbonate precipitation in the Archaean was largely due to chemical and lesser biogenic processes, with stromatolites and ocean water composition playing an important role. The stromatolitic carbonates in the preserved Griqualand West and Transvaal basins are subdivided into several formations, based on the depositional facies, reflected by stromatolite morphology, and on intraformational unconformities; interbedded tuffs and available radiometric age data do not yet permit detailed correlation of units from the two basins. Thorough dolomitisation of most formations took place at different post-depositional stages, but mainly during early diagenesis. Partial silicification was the result of diagenetic and weathering processes. Karstification of the carbonate rocks was related to periods of exposure to subaerial conditions and to percolation of groundwater. Such periods occurred locally at the time of carbonate and BIF deposition. Main karstification, however, probably took place during an erosional period between approximately 2430 Ma and 2320 Ma. Received: 15 September 1996 · Accepted: 12 May 1998  相似文献   

Interaction of rock and atmosphere: patinas on Mediterranean monuments   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

M. Garcia-Vallès  M. Vendrell-Saz  J. Molera  F. Blazquez 《Environmental Geology》1998,36(1-2):137-149

 This paper analyzes – chemically, mineralogically, and petrolographically – the patinas developed on several Mediterranean monuments made with different stones (siliceous and carbonatic) in order to establish their origin and their evolution under the present environmental conditions, and to evaluate the environmental parameters controling their development. Most of the patinas show a common sequence of layers, which, from the outer to the inner zone, are: (1) present bioactivity and/or biological remains, (2) gypsum-rich patina, and (3) calcitic brown to orange patina. Each one may exhibit different fabrics (from micritic to stromatolitic) and may be more or less continuous and homogeneous. The main mineral components are calcite and gypsum, but Ca-oxalates and Ca-phosphates have also been found associated to biological structures, as well as quartz and clays. The different fabrics and textures have been interpreted as consequence of changes in the environmental conditions which seem to be related to the biological activity, facilitating the growth of different organisms and leading to the development of a deposit with distinct characteristics (fabric, texture, porosity, etc.). The gypsum-rich patina has been interpreted as a sulphation of the underlying calcitic layer by the action of atmospheric pollutants or as dry or wet deposition from the atmospheric dust. The mineralogy and texture of the patina is independent of the nature of the underlying rock and only in few cases a micritization process has been observed as interaction between patina and rock. Recently, the penetration of endolithic microflora produced drillings and the development of a fissuration system parallel to the surface, and thus the detachment of the crust from the rock and even flackening of the rock itself has been observed. Consequently, under the present climatic conditions in the Mediterranean basin, erosion is a more active process than deposition, and the crusts and patinas show a tendency to disappear from the surface of the monuments. Received: 3 November 1996 · Accepted: 10 September 1997  相似文献   

西秦岭铀成矿带中志留系硅岩灰岩的成因研究     

赵兵 《岩石学报》1997,13(2):233-244

通过大量的剖面测制和室内分析，从岩石的地质产状、岩石学及地球化学特别是稀土元素地球化学方面研究了西秦岭铀成矿带中硅、灰岩的成因。原始沉积的泥晶灰岩和球粒泥晶灰岩沉积于水下高地较低能环境，球粒主要为粪球粒及少量硅质生物体。硅岩具生物化学沉积（Ｉ类）和由灰岩硅化（交代）成因（Ｉ类）两种成因类型，它们在地质产状、结构构造、常量元素及稀土元素地球化学等方面都存在显著差异。在综合分析的基础上建立了西秦岭铀成矿带早志留世沉积环境模式  相似文献   

A quantitative scanning electron microscope study of evidence for lichen weathering of limestone,Mendip Hills,Somerset     

Heather Viles 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1987,12(5):467-473

  相似文献   

下扬子地区三迭系下统瘤状灰岩成因研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

郭福生 《华东地质学院学报》1989,12(4):17-22

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石灰岩地区砼灌注桩抽芯检测实例     

孙云波 《云南地质》2003,22(3):326-328

以灰岩地区砼灌注桩两个抽芯工程为例，介绍灰岩地区砼灌注桩抽芯检查过程中应注意的问题，为砼灌注桩抽芯检查积累经验。  相似文献   

云南遮放地区柳湾组灰岩岩石强度测试方法研究     

涂春霖  何茂源  邹石林 《云南地质》2020,(1):103-109

分别采用回弹、点荷载和室内单轴抗压强度三种测试方法,对云南遮放地区中侏罗统柳湾组(J2l)灰岩岩石强度进行测试,结果显示该灰岩岩石强度值在47~56Mpa之间。通过对三种测试成果的对比研究,发现三者呈多项式关系,可通过经验公式相互换算。因此岩石强度研究中,将上述三种测试方法有机的结合,可获取较可靠的资料。  相似文献   

Mesogenetic dissolution of the middle Ordovician limestone in the Tahe oilfield of Tarim basin,NW China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Zhijun Jin  Dongya Zhu  Wenxuan Hu  Xuefeng Zhang  Juntao Zhang  Yucai Song 《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2009

The mesogenetic dissolution is well developed in the middle Ordovician Yijianfang formation (O₂yj) limestone, and the dissolution pores are very important for petroleum accumulation in the south slope area of the Tahe oilfield which lies in the north of the Tarim basin, northwestern China. Mottled, dotted or laminar dissolution can be observed in the O₂yj limestone. Under microscope, the grains, lime matrix and all stages of calcite cements (including oil-inclusion-bearing blocky calcite cements) can all be found dissolved ubiquitously. The stylolites in the limestone were enlarged and rounded because of dissolution. Some dolomite rhombs, precipitated along stylolites in burial environment, were found dissolved as well. The dissolution of the blocky calcite cements and dolomite rhombs and the enlarging of stylolites demonstrate that the dissolution took place in the mesogenetic environment. Concentration of trace elements, including REEs, of the eroded part of the O₂yj limestone is intermediate between that of the uneroded part and that of the underlying lower Ordovician limestone hydrocarbon source rocks. Both δ¹³C_PDB and δ¹⁸O_PDB values of the eroded part are less than those of the uneroded part, respectively. The geochemical characteristics indicate that the eroding fluids are hydrocarbon-bearing fluids coming from the underlying hydrocarbon source rocks.  相似文献   

Palæohydrology of the calcsilicate aureole of the Beinn an Dubhaich granite, Skye, Scotland: a stable isotopic study     

M. B. HOLNESS  & A. E. FALLICK 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1997,15(1):71-83

The contact aureole developed in siliceous carbonates surrounding the Beinn an Dubhaich granite, Skye, shows textural and stable isotope evidence for infiltration of aqueous fluids during both prograde and retrograde metamorphism. Strongly depleted isotope compositions of reaction-product calcite correlate with high silica and fluorine contents, demonstrating a strong link between isotopic alteration and metasomatism by fluids with a significant magmatic component, even at the margins of the aureole. The oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of the carbonates form a linear cluster with a positive slope of about five, consistent with the depletion of isotope compositions by the infiltration of magmatic and/or meteoric fluids. Rayleigh fractionation during devolatilization played a minor role in determining the final isotope composition. Stable isotope compositions of coexisting calcite–dolomite pairs show varying amounts of isotopic disequilibrium, which correlate with the inferred fluid infiltration mechanism. Much of the calcite in dolostones is the product of infiltration-driven reactions along fractures, and is greatly depleted isotopically relative to the host dolomite, especially at talc grade. At higher grades the calcite–dolomite fractionation is smaller, probably due to both increased fluid–rock interaction and a greater tendency for fluid infiltration to be pervasive on the grain-scale. Limestones generally show near-equilibrium fractionation of oxygen and carbon owing to the overwhelming compositional influence of the host calcite. Veins formed during late-stage hydrothermal circulation have strongly ¹⁸O-depleted compositions relative to the host rock. No small-scale spatial patterns to the isotopic depletion were observed, but the extent of fluid infiltration was greatest in the west of the aureole. Fluid infiltration was clearly highly heterogeneous, with no evidence of a consistent flow direction. It is not possible to determine fluid fluxes or flow directions from one-dimensional flow models based on continuum flow in the Beinn an Dubhaich aureole.  相似文献   

Evidence for the silicate source of relict soils on the Edwards Plateau, central Texas     

M. Jennifer Cooke  Libby A. Stern  Jay L. Banner 《Quaternary Research》2007,67(2):275-285

Relict soils provide insights into Quaternary soil formation and erosion on the Edwards Plateau of central Texas and into soil-forming processes in karst terranes. Late Quaternary climate-driven soil erosion produced a mosaic of thick and thin soils on the Edwards Plateau landscape. Thick soils on uplands of the Edwards Plateau are interpreted to be relicts of a formerly more extensive soil cover that was eroded during the late Pleistocene to middle Holocene. The relict, thick soils are silicate-rich and most commonly overlie the relatively silicate-poor Cretaceous Edwards Limestone, which supports the idea that the thick soils did not form from weathering of the underlying limestone. Other potential sources of silicates for the relict soils include dust, alluvial sediments, and the Del Rio Clay, a stratigraphically higher but locally eroded clay-rich unit. Here we investigate the geographic distribution, texture, clay-sized mineralogy, rare earth element geochemistry, and neodymium isotope composition of the relict soils. We have found that the relict, thick soils are deeply weathered soils that occur dominantly over the Edwards Limestone and have a high clay content and a neodymium isotope composition that is similar to that of the Del Rio Clay. Thus, we propose that in situ weathering of the Del Rio Clay, along with partial weathering of the upper portion of the underlying Edwards Limestone produced thick chert- and clay-rich soils over resistant limestone. In areas like the Edwards Plateau, where pure limestones are interbedded with clay-rich strata, the overlying clay-rich strata must be considered as a possible silicate source to soils on pure limestone bedrock.  相似文献