海洋次表层叶绿素最大值的特征因子及其影响因素   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

宫响  史洁  高会旺 《地球科学进展》2012,27(5):539-548

在多数情况下,海水中叶绿素垂直分布是不均匀的。次表层叶绿素最大值是其中较为常见的一种形式,普遍存在于大洋及沿岸海域。次表层叶绿素最大值层(SCML)的深度、厚度与强度是表征海洋次表层叶绿素最大值(SCM)现象的主要特征因子,受海洋水文环境、营养盐分布以及浮游植物种类等因素共同影响,在不同季节不同海区的分布有较大差异。总体上,相对近海,大洋中SCML特征因子的季节变化较小,SCML深度较大,厚度较大,强度较小。寡营养盐海区SCML深度及强度的影响因素研究已有较明确结论,SCML深度主要受物理因素(光照条件及水体混合程度)影响,而强度则受物理、生物因素(光照条件、水体混合程度或浮游动物摄食等)共同影响。近海富营养盐海区,SCML特征因子的影响因素研究较为薄弱。长时间序列、高分辨率观测站在相应海区的建立,对推进海洋SCM,尤其是近海SCM的研究有重要意义。卫星观测、现场观测和数学模型相结合,定量研究SCML特征因子与各物理、生物、化学因子的普适性关系,是进一步研究SCML特征因子的重要方向之一。  相似文献   

南京秋季辐射雾与平流雾边界层气象要素特征比较   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

沈澄  姜有山  刘冬晴 《气象科技》2013,41(3):552-557

利用南京市200 m气象铁塔的梯度观测资料、L波段探空雷达以及常规气象资料,对南京地区2010年两次秋季大雾天气过程进行了对比分析.结果表明:①两次大雾天气分别为典型的辐射雾和平流雾.②在两类大雾的发展过程中,对流层低层都存在较厚的逆温层,其中辐射雾存在多层辐射逆温和下沉逆温,而平流雾仅存在一层由暖平流形成的强逆温;边界层内辐射雾的贴地逆温强度明显强于平流雾,另外两次过程中均存在上层逆温.③雾的发展与地面气温的演变均有较好的对应关系:均是在地面气温出现突降、贴地逆温强度突增之后,边界层相对湿度随之显著上升,雾增强发展;辐射雾的雾顶高度远高于平流雾.④边界层风速呈现明显的峰值变化,且这种风速的脉动与雾的发展有一定的对应关系:当各层风速出现陡降后,雾增强发展,而后随着湍流的加强,雾趋于消散.  相似文献   

Influence of the Saharan Air Layer on Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Formation during the Period 1--12 September 2003     

PAN Weiyu  WU Liguang  Chung-Lin SHIE 《大气科学进展》2011,28(1):16-32

Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) data show that the Saharan air layer (SAL) is a dry, warm, and well-mixed layer between 950 and 500 hPa over the tropical Atlantic, extending westward from the African coast to the Caribbean Sea. The formations of both Hurricane Isabel and Tropical Depression 14 (TD14) were accompanied with outbreaks of SAL air during the period 1-12 September 2003, although TD14 failed to develop into a named tropical cyclone. The influence of the SAL on their formations is investigated by examining data from satellite observations and numerical simulations, in which AIRS data are incorporated into the MM5 model through the nudging technique. Analyses of the AIRS and simulation data suggest that the SAL may have played two roles in the formation of tropical cyclones during the period 1-12 September 2003. First, the outbreaks of SAL air on 3 and 8 September enhanced the transverse-vertical circulation with the rising motion along the southern edge of the SAL and the sinking motion inside the SAL, triggering the development of two tropical disturbances associated with Hurricane Isabel and TD14. Second, in addition to the reduced environmental humidity and enhanced static stability in the lower troposphere, the SAL dry air intruded into the inner region of these tropical disturbances as their cyclonic ?ows became strong. This effect may have slowed down the formation of Isabel and inhibited TD14 becoming a named tropical cyclone, while the enhanced vertical shear contributed little to tropical cyclone formation during this period. The 48-h trajectory calculations confirm that the parcels from the SAL can be transported into the inner region of an incipient tropical cyclone.  相似文献   

Wave dissipation by vegetation with layer schematization in SWAN   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Tomohiro Suzuki  Marcel ZijlemaBastiaan Burger  Martijn C. MeijerSiddharth Narayan 《Coastal Engineering》2012,59(1):64-71

The energy of waves propagating through vegetation is dissipated due to the work done by the waves on the vegetation. Dalrymple et al. (1984) estimated wave dissipation by integrating the force on a cylinder over its vertical extent. This was extended by Mendez and Losada (2004) to include varying depths and the effects of wave damping due to vegetation and wave breaking for narrow-banded random waves. This paper describes the wave dissipation over a vegetation field by the implementation of the Mendez and Losada formulation in a full spectrum model SWAN, with an extension to include a vertical layer schematization for the vegetation. The present model is validated with the original equation and results from Mendez and Losada (2004). The sensitivity of the model to the shape of the frequency spectrum, directional spreading and layer schematization are investigated. The model is then applied to field measurements by using a vegetation factor. This model has the ability to calculate two-dimensional wave dissipation over a vegetation field including some important aspects such as breaking and diffraction as used in SWAN model.  相似文献   

关于非均匀下垫面大气边界层研究的讨论   总被引：15，自引：10，他引：5  

刘红年  刘罡  蒋维楣  左洪超 《高原气象》2004,23(3):412-416

本文是该会议关于非均匀下垫面大气边界层研究的讨论总结,涉及大气边界层观测试验、M-O相似理论的适用范、非均匀陆面边界层参数化、非均匀下垫面能量平衡、城市边界层,以及大气边界层湍流结构与特征等方面。希望这些讨论能为今后非均匀陆面过程研究提供有益的启示。  相似文献   

Quantifying a critical marl thickness for vertical fracture extension using field data and numerical experiments     

《地学前缘(英文版)》2019,10(6):2135-2145

In fractured reservoirs characterized by low matrix permeability,fracture networks control the main fluid flow paths.However,in layered reservoirs,the vertical extension of fractures is often restricted to single layers.In this study,we explored the effect of changing marl/shale thickness on fracture extension using comprehensive field data and numerical modeling.The field data were sampled from coastal exposures of Liassic limestone-marl/shale alternations in Wales and Somerset(Bristol Channel Basin,UK).The vertical fracture traces of more than 4000 fractures were mapped in detail.Six sections were selected to represent a variety of layer thicknesses.Besides the field data also thin sections were analyzed.Numerical models of fracture extension in a two-layer limestone-marl system were based on field data and laboratory measurements of Young's moduli.The modeled principal stress magnitude σ_3 along the lithological contact was used as an indication for fracture extension through marls.Field data exhibit good correlation(R~2=0.76) between fracture extension and marl thickness,the thicker the marl layer the fewer fractures propagate through.The model results show that almost no tensile stress reaches the top of the marl layer when the marls are thicker than 30 cm.For marls that are less than 20 cm,the propagation of stress is more dependent on the stiffness of the marls.The higher the contrast between limestone and marl stiffness the lower the stress that is transmitted into the marl layer.In both model experiments and field data the critical marl thickness for fracture extension is ca.15-20 cm.This quantification of critical marl thicknesses can be used to improve predictions of fracture networks and permeability in layered rocks.Up-or downsampling methods often ignore spatially continuous impermeable layers with thicknesses that are under the detection limit of seismic data.However,ignoring these layers can lead to overestimates of the overall permeability.Therefore,the understanding of how fractures propagate and terminate through impermeable layers will help to improve the characterization of conventional reservoirs.  相似文献   

西藏高原“相当正压层高度”的初步分析     

欧阳首承  雷金蓉  王仁乔 《成都信息工程学院学报》1987,(1)

本文采用“相当正压层”的方法,分析计算了那曲、拉萨站的探空资料,求得其“相当正压层”高度约为270hpa。又以此方法分析计算了我国平原地区一些代表站的“相当正压层”高度。结果发现,其高度不是500hpa,而是在400～300hpa之间,平均约在356hpa左右。这是个值得注意的现象。  相似文献   

Computational study of tetrahedral Al–Si ordering in muscovite     

E. J. Palin  M. T. Dove  S. A. T. Redfern  A. Bosenick  C. I. Sainz-Diaz  M. C. Warren 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2001,28(8):534-544

 The nature of Al–Si ordering across the tetrahedral sites in muscovite, K₂Al₄(Si₆Al₂O₂₀)(OH)₄, was investigated using various computational techniques. Values of the atomic exchange interaction parameters J _l were obtained. From these parameters, a two-dimensional Al–Si ordering scheme was deduced. The transition temperature T _c for this two-dimensional ordering is 1900 K. There are several possible ordering schemes in three dimensions, based on different stacking sequences of ordered sheets of tetrahedral sites. Monte Carlo simulations of both two-dimensional and three-dimensional ordering were performed, but in the three-dimensional simulation only the two-dimensional ordering is seen, implying that three-dimensional ordering is too slow to be attained during the timescale of the simulation. The effect of the three-dimensional interactions is to raise the two-dimensional ordering temperature to 2140 K. From the three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation, the frequency of occurrence of 4Si0Al, 3Si1Al, 2Si2Al and 1Si3Al clusters was determined, which match those inferred by ²⁹Si MAS–NMR measurements reasonably well. In fact, the match suggests that the cation ordering seen in experiments corresponds to a configuration with considerable short-range order but no long-range order, similar to a state that is at a temperature just above an ordering phase transition. Received: 28 August 2000 / Accepted: 12 March 2001  相似文献   

Turbulent Dissipation Rate In The Boundary Layer Via Uhf Wind Profiler Doppler Spectral Width Measurements   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

B. Campistron  S. Bernard  B. Bénech  F. Ardhuin-Girard  J. Dessens  E. Dupont  B. Carissimo 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2002,103(3):361-389

The study is focused on the retrieval and validation of the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate from spectral width measurements made by a UHF wind profiler in the convective atmospheric boundary layer. The possibility to deduce , which is one of the most important parameters for boundary-layer study and monitoring, from Doppler radar spectral width measurements has a firm theoretical basis established by numerous earlier works. However, the major drawback of this approach lies in various meteorological and instrumental sources of non-turbulent spectral width broadening which have to be recognised and accounted for. In the first part of the study, the theoretical background of the retrieval is detailed and all possible causes of spectral broadening are listed and evaluated. In the second part, the method is applied to four days of UHF diurnal boundary-layer observations, collected during the TRAC-98 experiment, for which in situ aircraft measurements were available. Comparison between radar-retrieved and in situ aircraft measurements yields a fairly good agreement with a linear correlation coefficient of about 0.9 and a residual bias less than 2 × 10^-4 m² s^-3. The analysis of derived from vertical and off-zenith observation leads to the recommendation, that in the boundary layer, where the wind is usually moderate, data collected by off-zenith beams should be used. Indeed, the measurement of the vertical spectral width, less affected by the large-scale broadening factor, can still be altered by the ground clutter removal.  相似文献   

高精度电磁频谱法在滇东煤层气勘探中的应用   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

周仁安  桂宝林  王朝栋  郭自任 《云南地质》2004,23(4):515-520

使用高精度电磁频谱探测方法,对滇东恩洪、老厂地区的煤层气作实地探测。取得煤系地层中的地球物理响应。由此建立煤层、围岩的岩性与物性的关系,进而利用大地电磁频谱探测技术了解煤层的埋深、厚度。使煤层气的勘探工作有了新的科学勘探技术方法。  相似文献