贵州织金洞世界地质公园喀斯特成景机制及模式研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

韦跃龙  陈伟海  罗劬侃  罗书文 《地质论评》2018,64(2):457-476

本文将织金喀斯特分为8大类:洞穴、峡谷、天生桥、天坑、高峰丛、丘陵、单面山与象形山、水文遗迹等,它们以下三叠统海相碳酸盐岩为物质基础,有序、集中分布于织金洞、绮结河、东风湖三片相对独立,却又以绮结河为纽带紧密相连的喀斯特区域内,共同构成一个以洞穴、峡谷、天生桥、天坑为核心,形态雄伟、典型、优美、珍稀的高原喀斯特景观群。同时在对公园区域成景背景进行分析和研究的基础上,认为织金喀斯特的形成演化,始于古近纪,以三处喀斯特区域相互之间水力联系的演变为主轴,历经四个阶段:初始阶段(古近纪期间,喀斯特地层出露)→雏形阶段(分轴型离散岛屿式成景过程)→重要发育阶段(主轴型离散岛屿式与集合型岛屿式成景过程)→现代喀斯特阶段。期间,三个喀斯特区域产生不同的喀斯特响应过程:(1)织金洞区域,以织金洞地下河的演变为主轴,历经横向裂隙式岩溶水→地下河道→抬升形成化石洞穴/洞穴景观发育阶段/袭夺地表河(古新寨河)→地下河大规模发育→抬升形成化石洞穴/被袭夺阶段/→地下河小规模发育/洞穴景观发育等不同的地下岩溶循环发育阶段,形成了规模宏大的4层迷宫式化石洞穴系统—织金洞洞穴系统,洞内次生化学沉积物类型齐全,形态优美、独特,体量巨大,现代总体属于已停止发育的化石型洞穴喀斯特区域。(2)绮结河区域,以绮结河的演变为主轴,历经地表流水各向分散流动阶段→地表河阶段→地下河阶段→地下河改道/袭夺阶段→地下河大规模发育阶段→改道/明流与伏流交替阶段等不同的地表与地下岩溶交替循环发育阶段,峰丛、洞穴、峡谷、天坑、天生桥等地貌有序分布于河谷上或其两侧,协同共生,现代总体属于地表与地下喀斯特正在相互交替发育的区域。(3)东风湖区域,以六冲河的演变为主轴,历经持续、漫长、大规模、高强度的横向—纵向侵蚀、切割,峰丛、丘陵、象形山、单面山、峡谷有序分布于其上宽下窄的河谷上或其两侧,共生发育,现代总体属于正在发育的地表喀斯特区域。(4)整个公园,以三处喀斯特区域相互之间水力联系的演变为主轴,历经四个不同的喀斯特阶段,及各区域不同的喀斯特响应过程,形成独特的织金高原喀斯特景观群,现代总体上正在分区进行着三种不同的喀斯特过程。在上述分析的基础上,提出分轴型、主轴型、离散型和集合型等四种岛屿式成景机制。同时,通过与相似、典型岩溶区域(如广西乐业、重庆武隆等)的成景模式进行对比,将织金喀斯特成景模式归纳为"相邻岛屿式成景模式"。  相似文献   

Sedimentary anatomy and hydrological record of relic fluvial deposits in a karst cave conduit     

Pavel Bella  Micha&#x; Gradzi&#x;ski  Helena Hercman  Stanis&#x;aw Leszczy&#x;ski  Wojciech Nemec 《Sedimentology》2021,68(1):425-448

This case study from the renowned Demänová Cave System in the Carpathians of Slovakia demonstrates that the conventional methods of fluvial sedimentology, combined with an allostratigraphic mapping and speleothem U‐series isotopic dating, can give unprecedented insights into the hydrological history of underground karst conduit. The deposits studied are a relic compound sidebar ranging from gravel to mud and encapsulating the conduit’s hydrological history from the middle Pleistocene to the present time. A succession of 10 allostratigraphic units, time‐constrained by speleothems, are recognized in the sidebar deposits, and the corresponding morphodynamics of an evolving cave‐floor sedimentation are reconstructed in considerable detail. The subterranean river water stages recognized from the deposits, time‐constrained by flowstone layers and stalagmites, correlate with and add to the regional record of climate changes. Two distinct episodes of flow ponding (high‐stage slackwater conditions) are recognized and attributed to the independently documented downstream cave‐roof collapses, probably triggered by the Carpathian post‐orogenic earthquakes. This multidisciplinary study may serve as a useful methodological guide for the analysis of fluviokarstic deposits in speleological research and reconstruction of their hosting cave hydrological history.  相似文献   

北京西山岩溶洞系的形成及其与新构造运动的关系   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

吕金波  卢耀如  郑桂森  郑明存 《地质通报》2010,29(4):502-509

形成中国北方岩溶的地层主要为奥陶系马家沟组石灰岩和中元古界蓟县系雾迷山组硅质条带白云岩。上新世石林与第四纪岩溶陡壁组合成的房山地貌主要形成于雾迷山组中,岩溶洞穴发育在马家沟组和雾迷山组中。大石河南岸从上游至下游依次分布鸡毛洞、银狐洞、石花洞、清风洞和孔水洞,由一条地下暗河连为一体,称为石花洞系。石花洞系发育在北岭向斜东北扬起端的马家沟组顶部,与南面的周口店猿人洞系隔着房山闪长岩体。石花洞系中8层不同海拔高度的溶洞可以和永定河的8级阶地进行对比,也可以和8个华北地文期对比,代表了与之相互对应的北京西山新构造隆升的期次。  相似文献   

福建三明万寿岩船帆洞砾石层成因   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  

梁诗经  陈泽霖  黄泉祯 《福建地质》2001,20(1):1-6

福建三明万寿岩船帆洞遗留有古人类活动遗迹，经考古发掘出大量旧石器、哺乳动物化石及一面积逾百平方米的砾石层。详细论述了该砾石层 分布特征，应用沉积学原理系统分析其沉积特征，认为克石层是经地质作用自然堆积而成，但其顶面的砾石不具有自然沉积特征，应属人工铺就而成。  相似文献   

滇中昆阳群刺穿体构造的古岩溶成因     

张位及 《云南地质》2001,20(3):308-313

滇中昆阳群分布区，地史上至少出现过四次岩溶作用，其中以晋宁期和华力西期的古岩溶作用为主。古岩溶作用使靠近侵蚀面的昆阳群碳酸岩层，在断裂和层理裂隙通过处形成岩溶洞穴，并发展形成洞穴堆积角砾岩，因此，古岩溶作用是刺穿体构造形成的主要因素。这些角砾岩可称为古岩溶洞穴堆积角砾岩。因民角砾岩主要也是这种成因的角砾岩。滇中昆阳群分布区是研究古岩溶作用十分理想的地区。  相似文献   

Bacteria,fungi and biokarst in Lechuguilla Cave,Carlsbad Caverns National Park,New Mexico   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

K. I. Cunningham  D. E. Northup  R. M. Pollastro  W. G. Wright  E. J. LaRock 《Environmental Geology》1995,25(1):2-8

Lechuguilla Cave is a deep, extensive, gypsumand sulfur-bearing hypogenic cave in Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico, most of which (>90%) lies more than 300 m beneath the entrance. Located in the arid Guadalupe Mountains, Lechuguilla's remarkable state of preservation is partially due to the locally continuous Yates Formation siltstone that has effectively diverted most vadose water away from the cave. Allocthonous organic input to the cave is therefore very limited, but bacterial and fungal colonization is relatively extensive: (1)Aspergillus sp. fungi and unidentified bacteria are associated with iron-, manganese-, and sulfur-rich encrustations on calcitic folia near the suspected water table 466 m below the entrance; (2) 92 species of fungi in 19 genera have been identified throughout the cave in oligotrophic (nutrient-poor) soils and pools; (3) cave-air condensate contains unidentified microbes; (4) indigenous chemoheterotrophicSeliberius andCaulobacter bacteria are known from remote pool sites; and (5) at least four genera of heterotrophic bacteria with population densities near 5×10⁵ colony-forming units (CFU) per gram are present in ceiling-bound deposits of supposedly abiogenic condensation-corrosion residues. Various lines of evidence suggest that autotrophic bacteria are present in the ceiling-bound residues and could act as primary producers in a unique subterranean microbial food chain. The suspected autotrophic bacteria are probably chemolithoautotrophic (CLA), utilizing trace iron, manganese, or sulfur in the limestone and dolomitic bedrock to mechanically (and possibly biochemically) erode the substrate to produce residual floor deposits. Because other major sources of organic matter have not been detected, we suggest that these CLA bacteria are providing requisite organic matter to the known heterotrophic bacteria and fungi in the residues. The cavewide bacterial and fungal distribution, the large volumes of corrosion residues, and the presence of ancient bacterial filaments in unusual calcite speleothems (biothems) attest to the apparent longevity of microbial occupation in this cave.  相似文献   

Late Holocene environmental reconstruction using cave sediments from Belize     

Jason S. Polk  Philip E. van Beynen  Philip P. Reeder 《Quaternary Research》2007,68(1):53-63

Cave sediments collected from Reflection Cave on the Vaca Plateau, Belize show variations in the δ¹³C values of their fulvic acids (FAs), which indicate periods of vegetation change caused by climatic and Maya influences during the late Holocene. The δ¹³C values range from − 27.11‰ to − 21.52‰, a shift of ∼ 5.59‰, which suggests fluctuating contributions of C₃ and C₄ plants throughout the last 2.5 ka, with C₄ plant input reflecting periods of Maya agriculture. Maya activity in the study area occurred at different intensities from ∼ 2600 cal yr BP until ∼ 1500 cal yr BP, after which agricultural practices waned as the Maya depopulated the area. These changes in plant assemblages were in response to changes in available water resources, with increased aridity leading to the eventual abandonment of agricultural areas. The Ix Chel archaeological site, located in the study area, is a highland site that would have been among the first agricultural settlements to be affected during periods of aridity. During these periods, minimal water resources would have been available in this highly karstified, well-drained area, and supplemental groundwater extraction would have been difficult due to the extreme depth of the water table.  相似文献   

Morphological and speleothemic development in Brujas Cave (Southern Andean Range, Argentine): palaeoenvironmental significance     

Carlos Sancho  Jos Luis Pea  Raúl Mikkan  Cinta Oscar  Yves Quinif 《Geomorphology》2004,57(3-4):367-384

Brujas Cave, in the Southern Andean Range, is a well-known endokarstic site in Argentina. However, the origin and evolution of this cave system are poorly known. Based on morphological cave features as well as characteristics of cave deposits, we propose a meteogene drawdown cave genesis, including a change from phreatic to vadose conditions related to the high rate of fluvial downcutting in the area. During the vadose period, various cave-related deposits, including authogenic calcite and gypsum speleothems, allogenic volcanic ash and external tufas were deposited. Gypsum crusts are the oldest cave deposits identified (90.2–64.3 ky BP). Their origin, deduced from isotopic characteristics (∂³⁴S=9.6‰), is related to the oxidation of pyrite contained in the Jurassic limestone bedrock as well as the dissolution of overlying Jurassic–Triassic evaporite formations. Gypsum crust deposition is associated with evaporation of water flowing and seeping into the cave during arid environmental conditions. Calcite deposits precipitated from flowing water under equilibrium conditions represent the main speleothem growth period (67.6–34 ky BP in age). Their stable isotope values (∂¹³C=−3‰ to −5‰ and ∂¹⁸O=−9‰ to −11‰) may indicate slightly humid and warm conditions related to the regional Minchin lacustrine phase and global oxygen isotope stage 3. Following this stage, a seismic event is evidenced by accumulations of broken stalactites. Seepage calcite speleothems covering cave walls were deposited under disequilibrium conditions by evaporation, probably during Holocene time. Finally, another more recent gypsum deposition period represented by gypsum balls has been differentiated. Micromorphological as well as isotopic (∂³⁴S=5.6‰) data indicate that these gypsum forms are related to cyclic processes (solution–deposition) from water seeping into the cave under arid conditions. In addition, intense volcanic activity in the area during Holocene time is deduced from allogenic volcanic ash and lapilli located mainly at the entrance cave. At present, limited hydrological activity is observed in the cave and small tufa deposits at karstic discharge points are evidenced. We conclude that the geomorphological evolution of Brujas Cave was controlled by climatic changes (wet and dry stages) under semiarid environmental conditions in a very active tectonic and volcanic setting during Late Quaternary time.  相似文献   

Cave levels and cave development in the mitchell plain following base-level lowering     

P. A. Johnson  Basil Gomez 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1994,19(6):517-524

Multiple levels evolved in Buddha–Christian's Cave and in Donaldson's–Bronson's–Twin Cave in a subtly different manner to that normally associated with the development of multilevel caves adjacent to entrenched river valleys. It is often assumed that lower cave levels are generated by successive phases of valley entrenchment; however, multiple levels may also be induced by progressive adjustments in groundwater flow paths. Such adjustments occur as the effects of a change in base level propagate up-basin. In the Mitchell Plain much of the late Pleistocene drop in the elevation of the principal drainage (the East Fork of the White River) was accommodated by entrenchment along the lower reaches of tributary valleys. Caves initially developed in the mid-sections of tributary basins at relatively shallow depths. In the vicinity of the cave exit, the piezometric surface gradually steepened and was eventually lowered through a combination of valley headwall retreat and the incremental concentration of flow through master conduits. Upper-level passages were abandoned once the original high-level flow paths were replaced by lower-level routes.  相似文献   

Reevaluating the tectonic uplift of western Mount Carmel, Israel, since the middle Pleistocene     

Dov Zviely  Ehud Galili 《Quaternary Research》2009,71(2):239-245

Reevaluation of geological and archaeological evidence from western Mount Carmel constrains its maximal tectonic uplift since the Middle Pleistocene. Tabun Cave, presently 45 m above sea level (asl), revealed human occupation from about 600 ka to 90 ka before present. The 25 m thick archaeological strata at Tabun are composed of laminated fine sand, silt and clays. Moreover, no marine deposits were found in Tabun or nearby caves. Since sea level in the last 600 ka reached a maximal of 5 to 10 m asl, Tabun Cave could not have been uplifted since then by more than 35 to 40 m, that is a maximal average rate of 58 to 67 mm/ka.  相似文献