An indicator framework for assessing livelihood resilience in the context of social–ecological dynamics     

《Global Environmental Change》2014

Livelihood resilience draws attention to the factors and processes that keep livelihoods functioning despite change and thus enriches the livelihood approach which puts people, their differential capabilities to cope with shocks and how to reduce poverty and improve adaptive capacity at the centre of analysis. However, the few studies addressing resilience from a livelihood perspective take different approaches and focus only on some dimensions of livelihoods. This paper presents a framework that can be used for a comprehensive empirical analysis of livelihood resilience. We use a concept of resilience that considers agency as well as structure. A review of both theoretical and empirical literature related to livelihoods and resilience served as the basis to integrate the perspectives. The paper identifies the attributes and indicators of the three dimensions of resilience, namely, buffer capacity, self-organisation and capacity for learning. The framework has not yet been systematically tested; however, potentials and limitations of the components of the framework are explored and discussed by drawing on empirical examples from literature on farming systems. Besides providing a basis for applying the resilience concept in livelihood-oriented research, the framework offers a way to communicate with practitioners on identifying and improving the factors that build resilience. It can thus serve as a tool for monitoring the effectiveness of policies and practices aimed at building livelihood resilience.  相似文献   

Stakeholder perspectives on use, trade, and conservation of medicinal plants in the Rasuwa district of central Nepal     

Yadav UPRETY  Ram C.POUDEL  Hugo ASSELIN  Emmanuel K.BOON  Krishna K.SHRESTHA 《山地科学学报》2011,8(1):75-86

People’s livelihood in several Himalayan regions largely depends on collection, use, and trade of medicinal plants. Traditional use is generally not a problem, but commercial gathering of selected species to meet increasing national and international demand can result in over-exploitation. Sustainable management of medicinal plants requires a clear understanding of the respective roles, responsibilities and viewpoints of the various stakeholders involved. Through personal interviews and group discussions, this study aimed at investigating the views of two stakeholder groups on use, trade and conservation of medicinal plants in the Rasuwa district of Nepal. Local people and district and national organizations agreed that medicinal plants are collected for a combination of commercial and personal uses. Perceptions on market availability differed significantly: 100 % of the respondents from district and national organizations saw markets as easily available, against only 36 % for local people. This could explain why medicinal plants were perceived by local people to contribute less to income generation than to livelihood improvement. Different viewpoints were also expressed concerning the status of medicinal plants in the district: 81 % of the respondents from district and national organizations considered that medicinal plants were threatened, compared to only 28 % for local people. Despite this disparity, both stakeholder groups agreed upon potential threats to medicinal plants: over-harvesting; habitat loss due to land-use change and deforestation; and over-grazing by livestock. Several challenges were identified regarding sustainable management of medicinal plants, such as ambiguous policies; lack of resources, information and infrastructures; habitat degradation; and over-exploitation. Despite these challenges, respondents agreed that the medicinal plants sector offers huge opportunities in the Rasuwa district, given resource availability, community awareness and motivation, and the priority given to the sector by governments and other agencies. Proper collaboration, communication and coordination among stakeholders are needed to grab these opportunities.  相似文献   

试论地质大市场的构成及其发展建议   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

唐春花  王平 《江西地质》2001,15(4):311-315

地质行业需要一个包括矿业市场在内的更广泛的地质大市场，地质大市场由地质项目市场、地质大市场由地质项目市场、地质资本市场、地质劳务市场和地质成果市场四部分组成，并初步论述了这四个市场。提出在地质大市场建设初期应采取两降低两抬高的原则，最大限度地增加有效需求，通过市场择优淘劣，确保成果质量，使地质大市场得以良性发展。  相似文献   

Distribution of time lags between successive petroleum exploration activities     

Zbigniew ?ucki  Zbigniew Szkutnik 《Mathematical Geology》1990,22(5):523-556

Four time lags are studied: (1) drilling activity behind seismic activity; (2) oil and gas reserves discovered behind drilling activity; (3) oil and gas production behind reserves discovered; and (4) oil and gas production behind drilling activity. A ridge regression method is used to estimate the distributions of these lags for 50 countries and regions active in petroleum exploration. A complete review of obtained results is given as well as an interpretation of estimated models and failed ridge regressions. Five types of distributions have been found: decreasing monotonically, unimodal, bimodal, uniform, and increasing monotonically. The distributions allow estimating the capital freezing in the exploration process and assessing the resulting policy made by all companies active in a country. For example, the actual exploration history in Poland is analyzed with the use of distributed time-lag approach and net present-value concept. An overinvestment in drilling in comparison with petroleum infrastructure has been stated on the basis of the excessive lagging of production behind drilling activity. A direction of further lag studies is also suggested.  相似文献   

An analysis of the differentiation rules and influencing factors of venture capital in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jiawen Fang 《地理学报(英文版)》2018,28(4):514-528

Under China’s innovation-driven development strategy, venture capital has become an important driving force in urban agglomeration integration and collaborative innovation. This paper uses social network analysis to analyze spatiotemporal differences of venture capital in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration for the period 2005–2015. A gravity model and panel data regression model are used to reveal the influencing factors on spatiotemporal differences in venture capital in the region. This study finds that there is a certain cyclical fluctuation and uneven differentiation in the venture capital network in the Beijing- Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration in terms of total investment, and that the three centers of venture capital (Beijing, Shijiazhuang and Tangshan) have a stimulatory effect on surrounding cities; flows of venture capital between cities display certain networking rules, but they are slow to develop and strongly centripetal; there is a strong positive correlation between levels of information infrastructure development and economic development and venture capital investment; and places with relatively underdeveloped financial environments and service industries are less able to apply the fruits of innovation and entrepreneurship and to attract funds. This study can act as a reference for the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration in building a world-class super urban agglomeration with the best innovation capabilities in China.  相似文献   

资本循环视角下的中国城乡转型思考     

范建红  莫悠  谢涤湘 《热带地理》2018,38(5):699-706

城市化的快速推进和市场经济的迅速发展使得资本循环周期缩短,城市空间的过度开发为资本积累再生产提供了场所,导致城市空间蔓延式增长的矛盾突出。在新型城镇化的背景下,增量主义的城乡发展已不再适应当前的社会环境,中国城乡转型发展迫在眉睫。以新马克思主义资本循环理论为切入点,分析了城乡发展与资本的逻辑关系。首先探究资本循环理论在中国城乡转型背景下的适用性,运用该理论剖析中国城乡转型发展的作用机制;然后从当前面临的各类空间矛盾出发,探讨在新型城镇化过程中政府、规划师、公众三方主体的角色变化,力求引发相关主体对城乡规划转型中的规划思路、管理方式以及制度的思考;最后提出以空间正义为核心,使中国城乡转型发展逐步走向社会公平的价值体系,推动城乡社会空间的相对公正发展。  相似文献   

Perceptions of climate variability and livelihood adaptations relating to gender and wealth among the Adi community of the Eastern Indian Himalayas     

《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2017

The impacts of extreme weather events and climate variability on natural resource dependent farmers will further increase their vulnerability. This study describes how Adi farmers in Arunachal Pradesh (India) perceive and adapt to climate variability, and how this is influenced by gender and wealth. A total of 65 male and 71 female Adi farmers were interviewed or participated in focus group discussions. Both men and women have noticed there are fewer rainy days, longer summers, shorter winters and more erratic rainfall. However, some perceptions of change were gender and/or wealth class specific. Adi women noticed changes across areas they control including collecting forest foods, crop harvesting, and fermenting and storing of food. Men noted climate variability had made hunting wild game and marketing agricultural produce more difficult. Wealthy people were better placed to adapt to climate variability than poorer people because they could intensify their production systems. They switched to rainfed maize with improved varieties and horticultural cash crops which need more costly inputs. Wealthy people, particularly men, also received more advice and training than poorer people. Poorer farmers, particularly poor women, adapted predominantly by diversifying activities, such as using drought tolerant oil seeds and subsistence horticultural crops, accessing forest-based resources, rearing pigs and poultry, increasing fishing and the making of handicrafts. Storage, exchange and pooling of local resources were further strategies of the poor. This deeper understanding of Adi livelihood adaptation strategies will help increase their resilience by improving targeting of location specific extension services and adaptation policies.  相似文献   

The challenge of valuing ecosystem services that have no material benefits     

《Global Environmental Change》2017

Since the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, ecosystem service science has made much progress in framing core concepts and approaches, but there is still debate around the notion of cultural services, and a growing consensus that ecosystem use and ecosystem service use should be clearly differentiated. Part of the debate resides in the fact that the most significant sources of conflict around natural resource management arise from the multiple managements (uses) of ecosystems, rather than from the multiple uses of ecosystem services.If the ecosystem approach or the ecosystem service paradigm are to be implemented at national levels, there is an urgent need to disentangle what are often semantic issues, revise the notion of cultural services, and more broadly, practically define the less tangible ecosystem services on which we depend. This is a critical step to identifying suitable ways to manage trade-offs and promote adaptive management.Here we briefly review the problems associated with defining and quantifying cultural ecosystem services and suggest there could be merit in discarding this term for the simpler non-material ecosystem services. We also discuss the challenges in valuing the invaluable, and suggest that if we are to keep ecosystem service definition focused on the beneficiary, we need to further classify these challenging services, for example by differentiating services to individuals from services to communities. Also, we suggest that focussing on ecosystem service change rather than simply service delivery, and identifying common boundaries relevant for both people and ecosystems, would help meet some of these challenges.  相似文献   

中国古代政治地理思想探究   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

刘云刚  王丰龙 《地理科学进展》2017,36(12):1450-1462

中国古代具有丰富的政治地理思想和实践,对当前中国政治地理学的建设具有重要意义。本文对中国从先秦至晚清的相关文献中涉及政治地理的内容进行梳理,归纳为地利(定都、设镇)、地政(治地、安民)、地缘(安边、攘夷)三大主题,对各主题的要点进行了整理,进而探讨了这些思想与西方政治地理学相关概念的关联,并期望未来中国政治地理学对于本国的传统思想给予更多关注。  相似文献   

An overview of climate change impacts on the society in China     

Yong-Jian Ding  Chen-Yu Li  Xiaoming WANG  Yan Wang  Sheng-Xia Wang  Ya-Ping Chang  Jia Qin  Shao-Ping Wang  Qiu-Dong Zhao  Zeng-Ru Wang 《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2013,73(2):210-223

Society could sustain the impact of climate change by adapting to the change and mitigating risks from adverse effects of increasing changes, so that it can continue maintaining its prospect and improving wellbeing. Nevertheless, climate change is more or less affecting society's functions at different scales, including both individuals and communities. In this review, we discuss the relationship between society and climate change in China from the aspects of the needs at different socioeconomic developing stages. The relationship as well as the current spatial pattern and future risks of the climate change impacts on societies are summarized. The complexity of social and climatic systems leads to the spatial heterogeneity of climate impacts and risks in China. To more effectively leverage increasing knowledge about the past, we advocate greater cross-disciplinary collaboration between climate adaption, poverty alleviation and Nature-based Solutions (Nbs). That could provide decision makers with more comprehensive train of thoughts for climate policy making.  相似文献