Submarine flank eruption preceding caldera subsidence during the 2000 eruption of Miyakejima Volcano, Japan     

Takayuki Kaneko  Atsushi Yasuda  Taketo Shimano  Setsuya Nakada  Toshitsugu Fujii  Toshihiko Kanazawa  Azusa Nishizawa  Yoshihiro Matsumoto 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2005,67(3):243-253

During the early part of a seismic swarm preceding eruption and caldera formation at Miyakejima Volcano, discoloured sea surfaces were observed 1.5 km off the western coast of Miyakejima on 27 June 2000. A later survey of the area using a multi-beam side scan sonar and a remotely operated small submarine revealed four craters of 20–30 m diameter aligned east-west in a 100×10–30 m area on the seafloor, with hot water at 140°C being released from one of the centres. Each crater consists of submarine spatter overlain in part by scoria lapilli. Dredged spatter from the craters was fresh, and there was no evidence of activity of marine organisms on the spatter surface, indicating that the discoloured sea surface resulted from magmatic eruption on the seafloor. This eruption occurred when a westward-propagating seismic swarm, initiated beneath Miyakejimas summit, passed through the area. Finding new magma on the seafloor demonstrates that this seismic swarm was associated with intruding magma, moving outward from beneath Miyakejima. Submarine spatter shows flattened shapes with a brittle crust formed by cooling in water, and its composition is aphyric andesite of 54 wt% SiO₂. The spatter is similar in whole rock and mineral composition to spatter erupted in 1983. However, the wide range of Cl in melt inclusions in plagioclase of the 27 June submarine spatter shows that it is not simply a remnant of the 1983 magma, which has only high Cl melt inclusions in plagioclase. The mixed character of melt inclusions suggests involvement of a magma with low Cl melt inclusions. The magma erupted explosively on 18 August from Miyakejimas summit, considered as the second juvenile magma in this eruption, contains low Cl melt inclusions in plagioclase. Based on these observations and the eruption sequence, we present the following model: (1) A shallow magma chamber was filled with a remnant of 1983 magma that had evolved to a composition of 54–55 wt% SiO₂. (2) Injection of the 18 August magma into this chamber generated a mixed magma having a wide range of Cl in melt inclusions contained plagioclase. The magma mixing might have occurred shortly before the submarine eruption and could have been a trigger for the initiation of the removal of magma from the chamber as an extensive dyke, which eventually led to caldera subsidence.Editorial responsibility: S Nakada, T Druitt  相似文献   

Wavelet analysis of intermittent turbulence in a very stable nocturnal boundary layer: implications for the vertical mixing of ozone     

Jennifer?A.?SalmondEmail author 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2005,114(3):463-488

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Effects of steep topography on the flow and stratification near Palmyra Atoll     

I. M. Hamann  G. W. Boehlert  C. D. Wilson 《Ocean Dynamics》2004,54(3-4):460-473

Two interdisciplinary cruises aimed at relating the ecology of marine fish populations to oceanographic conditions were fielded during the late summer and late winter seasons near Palmyra Atoll (5.9°N, 162.1°W) in the Line Islands. Ocean current and hydrographic measurements revealed interaction of the flow with the steep topography. During the first cruise (August/September 1990) satellite-tracked surface drifters and acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements showed a strong eastward setting North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC) with maximum speeds exceeding 1 m s^–1 at 80 m depth approximately. This current turned southeastward on closer approach to Palmyra. The drifter paths exhibited excursions with zonal wavelength of approximately 250 km, meridional amplitude of 25 km and period of approximately 5 days. During the second cruise (February/March 1992), the ADCP-derived speeds of the NECC were weaker (maxima approximately 33 cm s^–1) while the relative geostrophic flow component was of magnitude similar to 1990 and the signal of zonal geostrophic currents reached much deeper to approximately 650 m depth (150 m in 1990). Doming isopycnals beneath the surface mixed layer as well as thick (10–25 m) internal mixed layers were found near Palmyra during both cruises, with slightly different positions relative to the island. The discontinuous vertical temperature profiles may have been a result of strong boundary mixing due to breaking internal waves on Palmyras steep slopes. In the immediate vicinity of the island variations in flow speed, stratification and mixing in both the alongshore and cross-isobath directions were observed. Overall, the current speeds were reduced during February/March 1992, the peak time of the 1991–1993 warm event in the tropical Pacific. While parameters of turbulent two-dimensional wake theory are suggestive of formation and shedding of eddies in the lee of the island, no direct observations of circular motions were made in either expedition.Responsible Editor: Hans Burchard  相似文献   

Three-Dimensional Computations of Multiple Tandem Jets in Crossflow     

肖洋李行伟  唐洪武YU Dae-Young 《中国海洋工程》2006,20(1):99-112

1 .IntroductionAn effective method of wastewater disposal in estuarine and coastal watersisto discharge partiallytreated effluentthrougha submerged multiport diffuserlocated atthe end of a sea outfall .Atypical dif-fuser designinvolves multiple jets all discharginginthe same direction awayfromthe shoreline ,per-pendicular to an alongshore ambient current to minimize the environmental impact .This is one type ofa multiple jet groupin crossflow(MJGC) . Whenthe jets are arrangedintandem,withthe…  相似文献   

Bioturbation depths, rates and processes in Massachusetts Bay sediments inferred from modeling of Pb and Pu profiles     

John Crusius  Michael H. Bothner  Christopher K. Sommerfield 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2004,61(4):643-655

Profiles of ²¹⁰Pb and ^{239 + 240}Pu from sediment cores collected throughout Massachusetts Bay (water depths of 36–192 m) are interpreted with the aid of a numerical sediment-mixing model to infer bioturbation depths, rates and processes. The nuclide data suggest extensive bioturbation to depths of 25–35 cm. Roughly half the cores have ²¹⁰Pb and ^{239 + 240}Pu profiles that decrease monotonically from the surface and are consistent with biodiffusive mixing. Bioturbation rates are reasonably well constrained by these profiles and vary from 0.7 to 40 cm² yr⁻¹. As a result of this extensive reworking, however, sediment ages cannot be accurately determined from these radionuclides and only upper limits on sedimentation rates (of 0.3 cm yr⁻¹) can be inferred. The other half of the radionuclide profiles are characterized by subsurface maxima in each nuclide, which cannot be reproduced by biodiffusive mixing models. A numerical model is used to demonstrate that mixing caused by organisms that feed at the sediment surface and defecate below the surface can cause the subsurface maxima, as suggested by previous work. The deep penetration depths of excess ²¹⁰Pb and ^{239 + 240}Pu suggest either that the organisms release material over a range of >15 cm depth or that biodiffusive mixing mediated by other organisms is occurring at depth. Additional constraints from surficial sediment ²³⁴Th data suggest that in this half of the cores, the vast majority of the present-day flux of recent, nuclide-bearing material to these core sites is transported over a timescale of a month or more to a depth of a few centimeters below the sediment surface. As a consequence of the complex mixing processes, surface sediments include material spanning a range of ages and will not accurately record recent changes in contaminant deposition.  相似文献   

南海东北部内潮数值研究     

袁叔尧  徐锡祯  邓九仔  邱章 《热带海洋学报》1995,(4)

导出二维三层（准三维）潮流与起伏地形相互作用而产生内潮波的非线性数学模型，并分别以Ｍ２分潮、Ｋ１分潮为策动期波，数值求解南海东北部大陆斜坡对策动潮波的响应。结果表明：台湾浅滩南面斜坡对Ｍ２分潮响应最为强烈，东沙群岛东面斜坡次之，其余海域无显著响应；对Ｋ１分潮的响应则以一统暗沙东南面斜坡最甚，其次为东沙群岛东南的斜坡，其余海域响应微弱。  相似文献   

烟台市辛安河污水处理厂排污混合区范围论证   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

贾怡然  孙英兰  孙长青 《海洋湖沼通报》2007,(Z1)

烟台市辛安河污水处理厂二期工程建成后污水全部实行深海排放,该工程海域使用论证报告已拟划定排污混合区范围。根据污水排放量和主要污染物类型,结合纳污海域现状水质调查,通过建立二维污染物输移扩散模型,对出水中主要污染物COD、氨氮(NH_3—N)、总磷(TP)进行影响预测,以污染物的影响范围为主要依据,对拟划定的排污混合区范围作了论证,结果显示,拟划定的混合区面积偏大。且相对排污口位置偏北,不能正确反映污染物的影响范围。文中提出了较为合理的混合区范围。  相似文献   

东海高密水环流的演变及其对长江口外混合水扩散的影响   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

潘玉球  梁湘三 《海洋学研究》1997,15(2):15-24

本文依据多年的东海水文观测资料，进一步分析了东海高密水核心及其上层环流的形成、演变特点和它对长江口外混合水扩散的影响。获得如下结果：１．东海高密水的形成是具有高温、高盐特性的台湾暖流水北上降温的必然结果。增密方程可以反映这一特点。２．东海高密水核心及其上层环流的形成与由台湾暖流发展引起的水团挤压有关。３．在春、夏季，东海高密水核心区上层环流的发展可对长江口外混合水（盐度为２３～３３）的扩散产生很大影响。这个环流可导致近岸盐度锋松弛，长江口外混合水沿具有低密特性的台湾暖流水和东海高密水之间的密度锋向外扩展。密度锋是长江口外混合水扩散的通道  相似文献   

Statistical analysis of estuarine profiles: II application to arsenic in the Tamar estuary (S.W. England)     

S. Knox  W. J. Langston  M. Whitfield  D. R. Turner  M. I. Liddicoat 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1984,18(6):623-638

By combining field observations with a statistical approach and a simple but effective estuarine analogue, the main features of the cycling of arsenic in the Tamar estuary have been elucidated. As(III) and As(V) enrichment in the water column is due to a combination of localized inputs and effective recycling of sediment interstitial waters. The profiles of As(V) are similar to those of NH₄⁺ and are dominated by an estuarine maximum resulting from an input from the sediments. As(III) profiles are correlated with those of dissolved manganese and exhibit both fresh water and estuarine maxima. As(III) appears to be effectively removed at the freshwater/brackish water interface by a combination of heterogenous oxidation, catalysed by hydrous manganese dioxide, and adsorption on to iron oxyhydroxide. The estuarine distribution of As(III) within the water column is consistent with the published rates of oxidation of As(III) to As(V) by both inorganic and microbiological processes. The reduction of As(V) to As(III) in the sediments is incomplete. On the basis of our observations a tentative estuarine arsenic cycle is presented.  相似文献   

东营地区地基土工程特性分析     

王英  尹铸华  战永亮 《海岸工程》2006,25(1):52-58

东营地区地处黄河三角洲,其地层主要由第四纪新近沉积土和一般沉积土构成。其特点是地层较软弱,天然地基承载力低,承受荷载后地基变形较大。为了适应东营地区天然地基承载力低的特殊地质情况,目前常用的地基处理方法是水泥粉体喷射搅拌桩复合地基。采用水泥粉喷搅拌桩复合地基处理技术以后,复合地基承载力可提高到天然地基承载力的1.22.3倍。  相似文献