Stochastic assessment of GPS carrier phase measurements for precise static relative positioning   总被引：17，自引：11，他引：17  

J. Wang  C. Satirapod  C. Rizos 《Journal of Geodesy》2002,76(2):95-104

 Global positioning system (GPS) carrier phase measurements are used in all precise static relative positioning applications. The GPS carrier phase measurements are generally processed using the least-squares method, for which both functional and stochastic models need to be carefully defined. Whilst the functional model for precise GPS positioning is well documented in the literature, realistic stochastic modelling for the GPS carrier phase measurements is still both a controversial topic and a difficult task to accomplish in practice. The common practice of assuming that the raw GPS measurements are statistically independent in space and time, and have the same accuracy, is certainly not realistic. Any mis-specification in the stochastic model will inevitably lead to unreliable positioning results. A stochastic assessment procedure has been developed to take into account the heteroscedastic, space- and time-correlated error structure of the GPS measurements. Test results indicate that the reliability of the estimated positioning results is improved by applying the developed stochastic assessment procedure. In addition, the quality of ambiguity resolution can be more realistically evaluated. Received: 13 February 2001 / Accepted: 3 September 2001  相似文献   

江苏南部地区煤层气资源   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李建青 《江苏地质》2002,26(4):200-202

根据江苏南部地区二叠系龙潭组煤系的分布和规模、煤矿瓦斯涌出特征、煤的产气能力、煤层的储集条件等煤层气地质条件综合研究工作，认为该区煤层气资源存在一定的勘探开发前景，对各典型含煤区块煤层气综合评价出有远景区（A类）、较有远景区（B类）和远景差区（C类）。  相似文献   

生态区评价研究的兴起与发展——以美国森林生态系统管理评价(FEMAT)研究为例   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

康慕谊  江源 《第四纪研究》2001,21(4):337-344

生态区评价是近年来出现在美国的一种新型区域生态系统管理方法的理论与实践科学研究,起始于美国总统森林会议(1993)后成立的森林生态系统管理评价组(FEMAT),目标是实现地区生态系统的科学管理.本文评介了生态区评价首项案例--美国西北太平洋沿岸区原始森林及其他各类森林经营管理方案的生态、经济、社会影响综合评价的科学与方法实践意义.指出FEMAT的生态区评价:1)迈出了生态区评价历史上坚实的第一步,实现了区域土地利用规划与生态系统管理方案从以行政疆域为准划分向以生态区域为准划定边界的转变;2)方案优化过程充分考虑区域生态、经济、社会的历史、现状与未来趋势等各方面,将科学、政策、管理融为一体,使之易于在实践中贯彻;3)促进了不同政府机构和利益团体间为实现资源开发与生态保育双重目标而共同协作.  相似文献   

从成矿构造动力学探讨脉状金矿床成矿深度   总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15       下载免费PDF全文

陈柏林 《地质科学》2001,36(3):380-384

在综述国内外与韧性剪切带有关的脉状金矿床成矿动力学的新近研究成果后,根据成矿控矿构造动力学特征及其与成矿流体运移机制、矿物结晶特点的关系认为矿物结晶发生于地震微破裂导致成矿流体压力骤降后的低压力阶段,由矿物包裹体压力并按静岩压力梯度推算的成矿深度要明显小于矿床的实际成矿深度.本文提出一种新的成矿深度估算方法,其估算的成矿深度与目前大多数脉状金矿床中石英具有明显的韧性变形的特点相吻合.  相似文献   

西部地区资源实现可持续利用的道路初探   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

桓曼曼  陈来卿 《热带地理》2001,21(4):350-353

介绍了我国西部资源的国情，指出资源利用中存在的问题，其原因在于不正确的人与自然观导致了人们对资源的不合理利用；粗放型的经济增长方式；资源的管理体制不完善等等，提出了实现西部地区资源可持续利用的七大对策；转变经济增长方式；依靠科技进步；树立正确的资源观；制定一个系统有效的统一管理体制；全方位的资源综合利用，进行资源核算，实行资产化管理。  相似文献   

Quantification of mineral matter in the Argonne Premium Coals using interactive Rietveld-based X-ray diffraction     

Colin R. Ward  John C. Taylor  C. E. Matulis  L. S. Dale 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2001,46(2-4)

The mineral matter in the eight reference North American coal samples of the Argonne Premium Coal series has been investigated on a quantitative basis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. X-ray diffraction data obtained from electronic low-temperature (oxygen–plasma) ash (LTA) residues, from ashes produced by heating the coals in air at 370°C, and also from the raw coals themselves, were evaluated using an interactive data processing system ( ™) based on Rietveld interpretation methods. The results from the three types of material (LTA, 370°C ash and raw coal) were compared for each sample. This allowed the components present in the raw coals in crystalline form to be recognised separately from mineral artifacts produced, particularly in the low-rank coals, from interaction of organically associated elements (Ca, S, etc.) during the two ashing processes.After the allowance for the production of any artifacts, the quantitative mineral assemblages identified from XRD of the raw coals were found to be consistent, even for coals having a relatively low ash percentage (around 5%), with the results obtained from the respective mineral concentrates prepared by the ashing methods. The effects of heating the coal to 370°C could also be distinguished, relative to the raw coal or the LTA, through changes in components such as pyrite and the clay minerals.Although some areas of uncertainty exist, particularly with magnesium in the low-rank coals, the calculated chemical compositions of the coal ash derived from the mineral mixtures identified for each coal were also found to be consistent with the results of direct chemical analysis of the respective coal ash materials.  相似文献   

澧县曾家河芒硝岩盐矿床开发浅析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

车勤建 《湖南地质》1992,11(2):123-127,162

本文在分析矿床内外部建设条件的基础上,根据芒硝岩盐原料市场行情,着重对矿床开发的经济社会效益进行了评价,初步评价表明:国家和企业均可获得较丰厚的利润,还可安置1400多人就业。建议进一步开展地质勘查工作。  相似文献   

The study of the undiscovered mineral resources of the Tongass National Forest and adjacent lands,Southeastern Alaska     

David A. Brew  Lawrence J. Drew  Stephen D. Ludington 《Natural Resources Research》1992,1(4):303-322

The quantitative probabilistic assessment of the undiscovered mineral resources of the 17.1-million-acre Tongass National Forest (the largest in the United States) and its adjacent lands is a nonaggregated, mineral-resource-tract-oriented assessment designed for land-planning purposes. As such, it includes the renewed use of gross-in-place values (GIPV's) in dollars of the estimated amounts of metal contained in the undiscovered resources as a measure for land-use planning.Southeastern Alaska is geologically complex and contains a wide variety of known mineral deposits, some of which have produced important amounts of metals during the past 100 years. Regional geological, economic geological, geochemical, geophysical, and mineral exploration history information for the region was integrated to define 124 tracts likely to contain undiscovered mineral resources. Some tracts were judged to contain more than one type of mineral deposit. Each type of deposit may contain one or more metallic elements of economic interest. For tracts where information was sufficient, the minimum number of as-yet-undiscovered deposits of each type was estimated at probability levels of 0.95, 0.90, 0.50, 0.10, and 0.05.The undiscovered mineral resources of the individual tracts were estimated using the U.S. Geological Survey's MARK3 mineral-resource endowment simulator; those estimates were used to calculate GIPV's for the individual tracts. Those GIPV's were aggregated to estimate the value of the undiscovered mineral resources of southeastern Alaska. The aggregated GIPV of the estimates is $40.9 billion.Analysis of this study indicates that (1) there is only a crude positive correlation between the size of individual tracts and their mean GIPV's: and (2) the number of mineral-deposit types in a tract does not dominate the GIPV's of the tracts, but the inferred presence of synorogenic-synvolcanic nickel-copper, porphyry copper skarn-related, iron skarn, and porphyry copper-molybdenum deposits does. The influence of this study on the U.S. Forest Service planning process is yet to be determined.  相似文献   

陕西省矿泉水资源特征及开发对策     

肖平新 《陕西地质》1995,(2)

陕西省矿泉水资源丰富，开发条件优越，但发展速度较慢，存在着不少问题。针对全省矿泉水资源特点及开发中存在的问题，提出了矿泉水开发的具体对策。  相似文献   

21世纪世界的资源和环境   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张镜湖 《地球信息科学学报》1999,1(2):1-6

20世纪世界人口从15亿增长到60亿.而经济成长更为快速,自1950年至今已增长4倍.目前世界人口每年增加8000余万人,至2050年将达到90亿,世界经济是否能持续发展以提升或维持现有的生活水准,值得研讨.资源的消长和环境的变迁是具有决定性的两大重要议题.  相似文献