Vp/Vs Anisotropy and Implications for Crustal Composition Identification and Earthquake Prediction   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

WANG Qian  JI Shaocheng  XU Zhiqin 《《地质学报》英文版》2009,83(4):801-815

Abstract: The ratio of P- to S-wave velocities (Vp/Vs) is regarded as one of the most diagnostic properties of natural rocks. It has been used as a discriminant of composition for the continental crust and provides valuable constraints on its formation and evolution processes. Furthermore, the spatial and temporal changes in Vp/Vs before and after earthquakes are probably the most promising avenue to understanding the source mechanics and possibly predicting earthquakes. Here we calibrate the variations in Vp/Vs in dry, anisotropic crustal rocks and provide a set of basic information for the interpretation of future seismic data from the Wenchuan earthquake Fault zone Scientific Drilling (WFSD) project and other surveys. Vp/Vs is a constant (Ф0) for an isotropic rock. However, most of crustal rocks are anisotropic due to lattice-preferred orientations of anisotropic minerals (e.g., mica, amphibole, plagioclase and pyroxene) and cracks as well as thin compositional layering. The Vp/Vs ratio of an anisotropic rock measured along a selected pair of propagation-vibration directions is an apparent value (Фij) that is significantly different from the value for its isotropic counterpart (Ф0). The usefulness of apparent Vp/Vs ratios as a diagnostic of crustal composition depends largely on rock seismic anisotropy. A 5% of P- and S-wave velocity anisotropy is sufficient to make it impossible to determine the crustal composition using the conventional criteria (Vp/Vs≤1.756 for felsic rocks, 1.7561.944 fluid-filled porous/fractured or partially molten rocks) if the information about the wave propagation-polarization directions with respect to the tectonic framework is unknown. However, the variations in Vp/Vs measured from borehole seismic experiments can be readily interpreted according to the orientations of the ray path and the polarization of the shear waves with respect to the present-day principal stress directions (i.e., the orientation of cracks) and the frozen fabric (i.e., foliation and lineation).  相似文献   

High-Resolution Records of the Holocene Paleoenvironmental Variation Reflected by Carbonate and Its Isotopic Compositions in Bosten Lake and Response to Glacial Activities   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

ZHANG Chengjun  ZHENG Mianping  Alexander PROKOPENKO  Steffen MISCHKE  GOU Xiaohui  YANG Qili  ZHANG Wanyi  FENG Zhaodong 《《地质学报》英文版》2009,83(6):1101-1115

Abstract: The Early Holocene paleoclimate in Bosten Lake on the northern margin of the Tarim Basin, southern Xinjiang, is reconstructed through an analysis of a 953 cm long core (BSTC2000) taken from Bosten Lake. Multiple proxies of this core, including the mineral components of carbonate, carbonate content, stable isotopic compositions of carbonate, Ca/Sr, TOC and C/N and C/S of organic matter, are used to reconstruct the climatic change since 8500 a B.P. The chronology model is made by nine AMS 14C ages of leaves, seeds and organic matter contained in two parallel cores. The climate was cold and wet during 8500 to 8100 a B.P. Temperature increased from 8100 to 6400 a B.P., the climate was warm and humid, and the lake expanded. The lake level was highest during this stage. Then from 6400 to 5100 a B.P., the climate became cold and the lake level decreased slightly. During the late mid-Holocene, the climate was hot and dry from 5100 to 3100 a B.P., but there was a short cold period during 4400 to 3800 a B.P. At this temporal interval, a mass of ice and snow melting water supplied the lake at the early time and made the lake level rise. The second highest lake level stage occurred during 5200 to 3800 a B.P. The climate was cool and wet during 3100 to 2200 a B.P., when the lake expanded with decreasing evaporation. The lake had the last short-term high level during 3100 to 2800 a B.P. After this short high lake level period, the lake shrank because of the long-term lower temperature and reduced water supply. From 2200 to 1200 a B.P., the climate was hot and dry, and the lake shrank greatly. Although the temperature decreased somewhat from 1200 a B.P. to the present, the climate was warm and dry. The lake level began to rise a little again, but it did not reach the river bed altitude of the Konqi River, an outflow river of the Bosten Lake.  相似文献   

铅锌产业链结构状况及海外资源战略   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

陈甲斌 《江苏地质》2009,33(1):102-107

我国铅锌产业发展虽然成绩显著,但资源问题是制约铅锌产业链协调发展的重要因素,开发利用海外铅锌资源是促进我国铅锌产业健康发展的长期战略方针。在总结国外海外资源开发经验的基础上,阐述了我国铅锌资源海外战略的基本原则及近期与中长期的战略目标,并对战略重点做了详细部署。  相似文献   

干扰对生物土壤结皮及其理化性质的影响   总被引：13，自引：2，他引：11  

梁少民  吴楠  王红玲  聂华丽  张元明 《干旱区地理》2005,28(6):818-823

生物土壤结皮作为荒漠地区特殊环境的产物,具有较强的抗风蚀、水蚀功能,也是干旱荒漠地区植被演替的重要基础。随着人类活动的加剧,生物土壤结皮也受到不同类型和不同程度的干扰,主要包括放牧、火烧、车辆碾压等形式。干扰对生物土壤结皮的影响主要表现在生物土壤结皮结构及盖度的变化、土壤理化性质的改变、土壤微生物数量及活性的变化等几个方面。放牧对土壤物理性质的影响还没有一致的结论,除了干扰的程度还与土壤含水量有关系。火烧虽然改善了土壤结构,但是破坏了地表植被的盖度,而且恢复比较困难,也加速了外界侵蚀的力度,对土壤化学性质也有显著影响。机械碾压的破坏力最强,且没有任何的积极意义。  相似文献   

我国数字化形变台网技术系统     

李正媛  陈志遥  吴云  宋彦云 《大地测量与地球动力学》2005,25(2):130-135

介绍了“九五”期间建设的我国第三代数字化形变台网技术系统的构成、观测仪器的性能指标及台站的分布,剖析了数字化形变台站的数据流程、功能界面与使用数据采集器的基本要求。数字化台网2001—2004年基本运行情况为：台网的130台(套)数字化形变仪器(除1套外)皆已投入监测并产出连续观测资料．其中．90％以上达到Ⅰ类标准,这些结果反映了数字化形变台网良好的监测运行情况。  相似文献   

沙尘表面非均相化学过程的气候效应的初步模拟研究   总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文

刘红年  蒋维楣 《地球物理学报》2004,47(3):417-422

建立了一个包含地表起尘机制的尘粒表面非均相化学模式, 并与区域气候——大气化学模式系统连接. 研究了沙尘气溶胶表面的非均相过程对大气中一些重要微量成分浓度的影响及其所产生的气候效应. 结果表明,非均相过程使得二氧化硫和臭氧的浓度降低,硫酸盐浓度增加,年平均硫酸盐积分浓度增加26mg/m2;在部分地区非均相过程使二氧化氮浓度降低,而在另外一些地区,则使二氧化氮浓度增加. 1,4,7,10月四个月硫酸盐浓度增加造成的辐射强迫最大值分别为-0.24,-1.0,-2.0,-0.6 W/m2,全区域年平均辐射强迫为-0.033 W/m2. 四个月最大降温分别可达0.16,0.35,0.5,0.48K,年平均降温0.021K. 非均相过程对月总降水亦有明显的影响.  相似文献   

东亚地区春季二氧化硫的输送与转化过程研究I.模式及其验证   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

张美根  徐永福  Itsushi Uno  Hajime Akimoto 《大气科学》2004,28(3):321-329

结合新近评估的东亚地区污染源资料,作者利用一个耦合的区域化学输送模式系统以探讨东亚地区春季期间气象过程、气相与液相化学过程、非均相化学过程、气溶胶过程和干湿沉降过程对二氧化硫输送及转化过程的影响,并研究二氧化硫和硫酸盐气溶胶的空间分布及变化特征.模拟的二氧化硫和硫酸盐气溶胶的浓度值与2001年春季飞机和地面获取的观测值进行了比较.比较结果显示,模拟值与观测值具有很好的一致性,模式系统很好地反映了二氧化硫和硫酸盐气溶胶的分布特征和变化规律,再现了许多观测到的重要特征,为进一步分析模拟结果奠定了基础.  相似文献   

化学与稳定同位素指纹示踪原油类污染:以广东南海两次小型溢油事件为例   总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14  

彭先芝  刘向  叶兆贤  吴建勋  张干 《地球化学》2004,33(3):317-323

化学和稳定同位素指纹是目前国际上用于示踪石油类污染来源及其环境命运的有效技术。通过气相色谱-质谱(GC—MS)分析可疑重油与被污染水体及植物表面污染物的饱和烃和芳烃分布以及生物标志化合物姥姣烷、植烷、“不可分辨的混合物”(UCM)等化学指纹特征,对比可疑重油与被污染水体表面漂浮重油的沥青质同位素组成,追踪了发生在广东省南海市的两次小型重油泄漏事件。结果揭示,2002年10月16日晚发生的污染事件源于某饲料公司锅炉房的重油泄漏;而2002年10月25日的泄漏事故则是某加油站重油渗漏所致。  相似文献   

全新世岱海流域化学风化及其对气候事件的响应   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  

金章东  王苏民  沈吉  宋俊峰 《地球化学》2004,33(1):29-36

通过对岱海 12.08 m沉积岩芯 210Pb和 AMS- 14C精确定年及地球化学、物理指标的综合分析,重建了包括 8.2 ka冷期、中世纪暖期 (MWP)和小冰期 (LIA)等典型气候事件在内的全新世以来所经历的化学风化及其环境演化过程.全新世早-中期 (9.0～ 3.5 ka),岱海流域处于温暖湿润气候环境,主要环境特征表现为流域化学风化显著增强、生物生产力逐步提高、湖泊水位大幅度抬升.在 7.90～ 8.25 ka期间存在一次冷气候事件,其发生时间与来自湖沼、海洋、生物组合和极地冰芯等在内的全球环境记录基本一致,具体表现为流域化学风化减弱、湖泊生产力降低以及湖泊水位下降. 2.5 ka以来,岱海沉积物中环境指标的显著变化,表明进入气候波动更频繁的新冰期.岱海沉积物中的指标变化也展示了本世纪以来的气候增暖过程,但其化学风化强度还没有达到 MWP的程度.  相似文献   

Near-infrared spectroscopy of 133P/Elst-Pizarro     

P. Rousselot  C. Dumas 《Icarus》2011,211(1):553-558

Comet 133P/Elst-Pizarro, known to be a main-belt asteroid with a cometary activity, was observed with the near-infrared integral field spectrograph SINFONI at the 8.2-m Very Large Telescope in J, H, and K bands during its 2007 perihelion passage. The goal of these observations was to attempt detection of water ice absorption bands. We present here the details of the data processing, the results of these observations, and our compositional modeling of the final spectrum. No water ice absorptions were detected within the noise of the spectrum but we show that this spectrum is compatible with a reasonable near-infrared albedo value of 7-10% and a mixture of water ice, black carbon, Tholin and silicates. This interpretation, nevertheless, is not unique.  相似文献