Conservation planning in the west, problems, new strategies and entrenched obstacles     

Stephanie Pincetl 《Geoforum》2006,37(2):246-255

The United States is often considered the progenitor of conservation planning in the world, the first to establish a vast public domain, for example. But with continued population growth, conservation planning on private lands—rural and at the urban fringe—continues to be a substantial challenge due to a tradition of local home rule in land use planning and strong private property protection afforded by the US Constitution. New “bottom-up” collaborative approaches, as well as other innovative strategies seem to be emerging. How effective these will be given pressures for growth and high property values remain to be seen without a rethinking of ideas of nature, a rebalancing of the role of property in American local fiscal regimes, and of private property rights.  相似文献   

Out of administrative control: Absentee owners, resident elk and the shifting nature of wildlife management in southwestern Montana   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Julia Hobson Haggerty  William R. Travis 《Geoforum》2006,37(5):816-830

This paper describes the historical roots of an ongoing wildlife management dilemma involving decreasing opportunities for elk management via public hunting on private land in the context of an expanding elk presence on private land in southwest Montana. Our main focus is on the role of private ranchland in elk ecology, and the ability of land owners to set elk migration in new directions through cumulative decisions about hunting and tolerating elk. This takes elk management, traditionally the purview of the state, out of administrative control. We document connections between the region’s historical and emerging land tenure patterns, and analyze associated changes in hunter access. Elk numbers expanded rapidly in the Upper Yellowstone Valley at a moment of significant transition in ranchland tenure. New owners more interested in natural amenities than in livestock production encouraged the elk and discouraged hunting. This reinforced the spread of elk, and further weakened the ability of the state and other ranchers to manage elk (which interfere with livestock production in numerous ways). Though elk and cattle use the landscape in similar ways, elk became more effective agents of landscape change in a reflexive relationship with ideas of land that stress natural amenities over production.  相似文献   

Implications of defining fisheries closed areas based on predicted habitats in Shetland: A proactive and precautionary approach     

《Marine Policy》2014

During 2010 a set of 22 voluntary closed areas, distributed around Shetland, were proposed by local industry in order to help protect and conserve threatened habitats from potential physical disturbance from scallop dredging. Initially, closed areas were implemented on a precautionary basis over predicted beds of maerl and horse mussel (Modiolus modiolus) derived from historical data. Horse mussel and maerl beds are classed as priority habitats which have been identified as being threatened and requiring conservation under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK BAP). Legalisation of the voluntarily adopted closed areas occurred in 2011. Detailed surveys were conducted to map each closed area with specific reference to the defining features located within. Closed areas were surveyed using a hull mounted multibeam system and ground-truthed with an underwater camera system. Information was imported to a Geographic Information System (GIS) in order to create georeferenced habitat maps of the two species of interest. The appropriateness of each closed area was assessed and a proposed methodology and procedure outlined for any future closed areas. The primary aim was to provide information on which to test the validity of initial closed area boundaries and subsequently allow managers to refine and add to them in the future. The survey illustrated the need to have good quality acoustic and visual survey work undertaken whenever areas have been closed based on historical data and/or predicted habitats. Predicted beds were not found to be representative of the survey findings. The survey highlighted the lack of good quality, robust, accurate, and up to date species information for the waters around Shetland, especially with regard to priority marine features. Although some were neither fully protecting the UK BAP habitats they were designed to protect nor were protecting any UK BAP habitats, a degree of protection had been conferred to some priority features in the first iteration of implementation of closed areas. Survey data were subsequently used to legally alter the closed area boundaries to more appropriately reflect the distribution of priority features. Recommendations were made on appropriate procedures for defining a species bed and on the wider implications of the study’s findings for other fisheries areas developing spatial management plans.  相似文献   

The Appearance of Ulva laetevirens（Ulvophyceae,Chlorophyta） in the Northeast Coast of the United States of America     

MAO Yunxiang  ;Jang Kyun Kim  ;Roderick Wilson  ;Charles Yarish 《青岛海洋大学学报(英文版)》2014,(5):865-870

Introduced species may outcompete or hybridize with native species, resulting in the loss of native biodiversity or even alteration of ecosystem processes. In this study, we reported an alien distromatic Ulva species, which was found in an embayment（Holly Pond） connected with Long Island Sound, USA. The morphological and anatomical observations in combination with molecular data were used for its identification to species. Anatomy of collected specimens showed that the cell shape in rhizoidal and basal regions was round and the marginal teeth along the basal and median region were not found. These characteristics were primarily identical to the diagnostic characteristics of Ulva laetevirens Areschoug（Chlorophyta）. The plastid-encoding tufA and nucleus-encoding ITS1 were used for its molecular identification. Phylogenetic analysis for the tufA gene placed the specimens from Holly Pond in a well-supported clade along with published sequences of U. laetevirens identified early without any sequence divergence. In ITS tree, the sample also formed well-supported clades with the sequences of U. laetevirens with an estimated sequence divergence among the taxa in these clades as low as 1%. These findings confirmed the morpho-anatomical conclusion. Native to Australia, this species was reported in several countries along the Mediterranean coast after the late of 1990 s. This is the first time that U. laetevirens is found in the northeast coast of United States and the second record for Atlantic North America.  相似文献   

Multi-scale pore structure of COx claystone: Towards the prediction of fluid transport     

《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2015

We aim to relate the morphology of the pore network of finely porous claystones to their fluid transport properties. By using Focused Ion Beam in combination with Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB/SEM), we image the pore network of COx claystone from 2D image stacks and as 3D reconstructed volumes. Our FIB/SEM samples are representative of the mesoscopic matrix clay. Porosity resolvable by this technique is in the range 1.7–5.9% with peak pore sizes of 50–90 nm. 3D pore network skeletonization provides connected pore volumes between end surfaces, tortuosity, density, and shortest pore paths with their pore size distribution. At higher resolution, 2D transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals large amounts of smaller pores (2–20 nm) between clay aggregates, associated to a local porosity of 14–25%, and peak sizes of 4–6 nm. Liquid permeability predictions with Katz–Thompson model, at the FIB/SEM volume scale and at the TEM surface scale, are in good agreement with macroscopic measurements (on the order of 10⁻²⁰ m²), showing that both mesopore sizes (peaks at 50–90 nm and 4–6 nm), located within the clay matrix, contribute to liquid transport.  相似文献   

基于高分辨率高程数据统计分析新一代天气雷达组网的地形遮挡影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

柳云雷  李昌兴  张乐坚  文浩  王曙东 《气象学报》2020,78(4):705-720

新一代天气雷达由于受到地形限制产生波束遮挡导致波束能量衰减,从而造成雷达探测回波强度偏弱、雷达定量估测降水结果失真,因此对于雷达波束遮挡情况的统计和分析是一项重要的基础研究工作。利用SRTM （Shuttle Radar Topography Mission）数字高程数据对中国目前业务运行的212部新一代天气雷达波束遮挡情况进行模拟计算分析。计算结果包括雷达单站遮蔽角、VCP21模式0.5°、1.5°、2.4°、3.4°、4.3°仰角波束遮挡率、混合扫描及分区混合扫描波束遮挡率、雷达单站探测范围覆盖情况;计算并绘制全国天气雷达组网遮挡率拼图,统计全国天气雷达组网遮挡情况;利用2019年8月广东省11部天气雷达基数据对比验证单站及组网遮挡计算结果。结果表明雷达组网探测面积覆盖率超过70%,整体覆盖效果较好,遮挡计算结果与实际数据对比验证结果高度一致,对雷达数据订正、降水估测等产品具有正贡献。   相似文献   

北美页岩油气研究进展及对中国陆相页岩油气勘探的思考   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张林晔  李钜源  李政  张金功  朱日房  包友书 《地球科学进展》2014,29(6):700-711

北美在海相页岩油气的勘探开发中已获得巨大成功,研究表明,页岩油和页岩气形成条件和赋存状态虽然具有较多的共性,但也存在一定差异。共性为二者均呈"连续型"分布于沉积盆地的斜坡和中心带,具有工业开采价值的页岩油气均产自有机质丰度高、脆性矿物含量高、存在异常高压的页岩地层。两者的差异性表现在页岩气的产生具有多源性和多阶性,即页岩气既可来自Ⅰ-Ⅱ型有机质,也可来自Ⅲ型有机质,但页岩油主要来自Ⅰ-Ⅱ型有机质;页岩气可形成于有机质成熟作用的任何阶段,但页岩油是有机质处于成熟阶段的产物。由于页岩油和页岩气分子直径和结构的差异导致两者在页岩中的赋存状态和开采机制存在一定差别。勘探实践表明,中国陆相盆地存在着丰富的页岩油气资源,如何利用这些资源,有针对性地研究其勘探开发技术,是我国页岩油气勘探开发面临的重要问题。  相似文献   

鄂尔多斯盆地西部“古陆梁”的形成和演化   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

汤桦  白云来  房乃珍  冯明  程玉红  廖建波 《甘肃地质》2006,15(1):2-9

从鄂尔多斯盆地西缘地区基本地质事实出发,充分汲取前人的有益成果,历史的分析鄂尔多斯盆地西缘构造应力场特点,结合晚三叠世以来鄂尔多斯盆地西缘盆—山转换的沉积响应,合理利用地震资料所揭示的西缘深部的“CT”图像及物源分析等第一手资料,提出“西缘古陆梁”及“银川古隆起”在印支期是不存在的;燕山主期盆地西缘南段可能形成古陆梁,使得六盘山盆地和鄂尔多斯盆地具一定的分割性,但随后在早白垩世又被夷平,鄂尔多斯盆地又和包括六盘山盆地在内的西部白垩纪盆地连通,鄂尔多斯盆地西界真正形成的时间应在喜山晚期,这也是盆地西缘桌子山—贺兰山—六盘山(“南北向古陆梁”)形成的大致时间,它们是印度板块和太平洋板块远距离应力作用的结果。  相似文献   

Dis/possessive collectivism: Property and personhood at city’s end     

《Geoforum》2017

This article uses the case of anti-eviction politics to examine the urban land question. Following the ideas and practices of the Chicago Anti-Eviction Campaign and its global interconnections, it traces the potentialities and limits of poor people’s movements as they battle displacement and enact a politics of emplacement. In doing so, it seeks to expand existing understandings of dispossession. Drawing on critical race studies and postcolonial theory, the article pays attention to the relationship between property and personhood in the context of long histories of racial exclusion and colonial domination. It asks: what politics of home and land is possible outside the grid of secure possession and sovereign self? The work of the Chicago Anti-Eviction Campaign points to how various modes of collectivism can be asserted through practices of occupation as well as through global frameworks of human rights. Challenging the secure categories of property and personhood through which liberalism is constituted, such politics is attuned to the present history of racial banishment but is also subject to aspirations of resolution and possession.  相似文献   

Unexpected fast rate of morphological evolution of geologically-active continental margins during Quaternary: Examples from selected areas in the Italian seas     

《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2017

In the last few decades, seafloor imagery systems have drastically changed our vision of a mostly regular and depositional marine landscape, evidencing how erosive and mass-wasting processes are widespread in the marine environments, with particular reference to geologically-active areas. Most of the previous studies have focused on the characterization of these features, whereas a very few ones have tried to estimate what is the extent and order of magnitude of erosion rates in these areas. In this paper, we show several examples from some of the most geologically-active margins off Southern Italy aimed to a) quantify the spatial extent of such processes, b) better understand the role of submarine erosion in the morphogenesis of the coastal sector, and c) try to roughly estimate the order of magnitude of erosion rates in these areas. The results are impressive, with mass-wasting features widespread from coast down to −2600, affecting from the 52% up to 97% of the whole continental slope. Because of the narrow or totally lacking shelves in these areas, mass-wasting processes often occur close to the coast and match embayment of the coast, so indicating a key role in the morphogenesis of coastal sector, with significant implication on the related geohazard. Finally, based on a morphological approach integrated by available stratigraphic constraints we have roughly estimated average erosion rates in these areas, ranging from (at least) some mm/year to a few cm/year, i.e., some hundreds of meters up to kilometers eroded in each eustatic cycle. Despite the large uncertainties of these estimates as well as their spatial and temporal variability in response to regional and local factors, the obtained values are very high and they should be considered for future model of margin evolution, source-to-sink computation and marine/coastal geohazard assessment.  相似文献