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41.
A three-level model system for the prediction of local flows in mountainous terrain is described. The system is based upon
an operational weather prediction model with a horizontal grid spacing of about 10 km. The large-scale flow is transformed
to a more detailed terrain, first by a mesoscale model with grid spacing of about 1 km, and then by a local-scale model with
a grid spacing of about 0.2 km. The weather prediction model is hydrostatic, while the two other models are non-hydrostatic.
As a case study the model system has been applied to estimate wind and turbulence over Várnes airport, Norway, where data
on turbulent flight conditions were provided near the runway. The actual case was chosen due to previous experiences, which
indicate that south-easterly winds may cause severe turbulence in a region close to the airport. Local terrain induced turbulence
seems to be the main reason for these effects. The predicted local flow in the actual region is characterized by narrow secondary
vortices along the flow, and large turbulent intensity associated with these vortices. A similar pattern is indicated by the
sparse observations, although there seems to be a difference in mean wind direction between data and predictions. Due to fairly
coarse data for sea surface temperature, errors could be induced in the turbulence damping via the Richardson number. An adjustment
for this data problem improved the predictions. 相似文献
42.
We have previously shown that largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) has a remarkable ability to conjugate 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE), a mutagenic and cytotoxic α,β-unsaturated aldehyde produced during the peroxidation of lipids. In addition, we have isolated a glutathione S-transferase cDNA (bass GSTA) that encodes a recombinant protein which is highly active in 4HNE conjugation and structurally similar to plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) GSTA. In the present study, HPLC-GST subunit analysis revealed the presence of at least two major GST isoforms in bass liver, with one peak constituting 80% of the total bass liver GST protein. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and electrospray ionization analysis of the major bass GST subunit yielded a molecular weight of 26,396 kDa. Endo-proteinase Lys-C digestion and Edman degradation protein sequencing of this GST peak demonstrated that this protein was encoded by bass GSTA. Analysis of genomic DNA fragments isolated by nested PCR indicated the presence of a GST gene cluster in bass liver that contained GSTA, and was similar to a GST gene cluster characterized by Leaver et al., in plaice. Collectively, our data indicates the presence of a major GST in bass liver involved in the protection against oxidative stress. This GST is part of a gene cluster that may be conserved in certain freshwater and marine fish. 相似文献
43.
天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川前沿冻土活动层古菌群落的垂直分布格局 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
采用免培养的PCR-DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳)指纹、 克隆测序、 系统发育分析对天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川前沿高山草甸冻土活动层古菌群落的垂直分格局进行了研究.结果表明: 1号冰川前沿高山草甸冻土活动层存在一些优势种群, 在所有6个取样深度的土层中均有分布.但不同深度土层古菌群落结构存在明显的差异, 在浅表层检测到一些特异的序列, 系统发育分析表明: 它们分别隶属于广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)的盐杆菌纲(Halobacteria)和热原体纲(Thermoplasmata), 而在深层土样没有检测到. 1号冰川前沿高山草甸带冻土活动层古菌群落以奇古菌(Thaumarchaeota)类群占据绝对优势, 全部隶属于被称为group1.1b的谱系.其中, 一些序列与不可培养的Nitrososophaera氨氧化古菌序列亲缘关系较近, 可能预示着这些中温泉古菌在氨氧化过程中发挥着重要作用, 对其群落结构及生态学贡献还有待更深入研究. 相似文献
44.
太湖浮游细菌种群基因多样性及其季节变化规律 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
为认识湖泊中浮游细菌的多样性及其变化规律,本研究采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)的方法,研究了太湖梅梁湾和湖心区浮游细菌种群16S rRNA基因多样性以及种群基因组成的季节变化特征.研究结果表明,太湖浮游细菌种群具有丰富的基因多样性.浮游细菌的丰度、DGGE条带数、种群的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson 指数和Pielou指数均呈现显著的季节变化规律:夏季及秋季浮游细菌的丰度、基因多样性及种群的均匀度较高,而冬季和春季则较低.浮游细菌种群的基因组成随时间变化.梅梁湾浮游细菌的丰度显著高于湖心.梅梁湾与湖心浮游细菌主要建群种的基因型存在显著差异. 相似文献
45.
Giovanni Guglielmo 《Geological Journal》1993,28(2):149-157
Contacts within nested plutons are crucial for constraining the relative timing of pluton emplacement and the internal geometry of composite plutons. Exposures in orogenic belts are commonly discontinuous, however, disguising these contacts. In this paper, the Merrimac plutons in the northern Sierra Nevada of California are used as an example of how composition and foliation patterns can allow the definition of unexposed contacts and identify nested plutons. Image analysis techniques were used to determine modal compositions of a total of 52 samples from the Merrimac plutons. The integrated analysis of compositional data and foliations patterns reveals a critical contact within the plutons, and suggests that the Merrimac plutons indicate way-up towards the north-east at the time of emplacement 142 ± 3 Ma ago. This paper provides guidelines for recognizing nested plutons in poorly exposed areas and shows that consistent structural and compositional assymmetries within nested plutons can be used as regional top-direction indicators. 相似文献
46.
转基因鱼试验湖浮游生物群落DNA多态性与物种组成关系 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用RAPD和PCR-DGGE指纹技术对转基因鱼试验湖的浮游生物群落DNA多态性进行了研究,并探讨了DNA多态性与物种组成的关系.结果显示:(1)形态学分类共鉴定到44种/类浮游生物:其中藻类13种,原生动物11种,轮虫16种,枝角类和桡足类各2种.多甲藻(Peridinium sp.)、球形砂壳虫(Difllugia globulosa)、螺形龟甲轮虫(Keratella cochlearis)和针簇多肢轮虫(Polyarthra trigla)4个物种在各个站丰度相对较高.(2)RAPD扩增共获得128条长度在200-1200bp的谱带,多态率为61.7%,特异性谱带占总谱带的19.5%.(3)PCR-DGGE指纹分析共获得87条扩增谱带,其中原核生物谱带相对较多(50条),真核生物谱带较少(37条),多态率分别为86%和64.9%.尽管形态学鉴定和DNA指纹分析都表现出较高物种多样性,但其相似性聚类却有差别:物种组成聚类中B、C站聚为一类,D、E站聚为一类,A站独为一类;两种DNA指纹分析聚类结果显示C、D、E三站聚为一类,A、B聚为一类.综上所述,在对浮游生物群落的研究中,形态学方法与DNA指纹技术不显著对应,后者能揭示更丰富的物种多样性,但毫无疑问三种方法可以从不同方面表征群落结构.这将为进一步研究湖泊浮游生物群落结构和功能关系奠定坚实的基础. 相似文献
47.
将区域气候模式RegCM3与中国科学院大气物理研究所全球大气环流模式IAP9L-AGCM进行单向嵌套,建立嵌套区域气候模式RegCM3_IAP9L-AGCM,并利用该嵌套模式对1982—2001年中国夏季短期气候进行了跨季度集合回报试验。结果表明,RegCM3_IAP9L-AGCM对高空气候变量(500hPa位势高度场、200和850hPa纬向风场)的回报结果与实况距平相关系数(ACC)基本为正,其回报效果好于单独使用IAP9L-AGCM的结果。除850hPa纬向风场外,其他两个变量场回报与实况正相关的区域基本呈纬向带状分布且通过90%信度检验。在中国大部分地区(除长江下游、东北北部和西北北部外),嵌套区域气候模式回报的降水距平百分率与实况基本为正相关。RegCM3_IAP9L-AGCM和IAP9L-AGCM对中国不同区域的夏季降水回报效果不同,前者对华南降水的回报效果明显好于后者。 相似文献
48.
纳木错湖夏季典型大气边界层特征的数值模拟 总被引：9，自引：5，他引：4
为了进一步检验分析纳木错湖对当地地方性环流、湖气能量交换及大气边界层的影响,在本文中使用美国NCAR新版MM5V3.7非静力中尺度模式,设计了有湖面、3/4湖面、1/2湖面及无湖四组试验,以NCEP再分析资料做初、边值条件,做了48 h三重嵌套模拟试验,对比中国科学院"纳木错圈层相互作用"综合观测站实测资料,说明该模式模拟性能良好。白天在纳木错湖风与念青唐古拉山北坡谷风共同作用下,在念青唐古拉山脊处汇合,形成一强水平切变及辐合上升运动,造成了该地夏季白天复杂多变的天气;夜间由于南岸湖风与山风叠加,使得整个区域为强大南风气流控制,这也补给了水汽和热量,也为白天不稳定运动提供了能量。对大气边界层特征的模拟结果表明:由于白天(夜晚)纳木错湖的存在有很好的降温(保温)作用,该湖表现出了明显的冷(暖)湖效应;纳木错湖对感热和潜热的影响有很强的日变化,白天湖面感热、潜热均小于周围陆地,夜间湖面有强潜热通量;纳木错湖使得白天湖区边界层顶低,陆区边界层顶高,夜间相反。这样的地方性环流和大气边界层特征的配合,是该地中小尺度天气剧烈变化的重要原因。 相似文献
49.
Geoff A. Wilson 《Geoforum》2009,40(2):269-280
Based on reconceptualisations of multifunctional agriculture as a normative spectrum of decision-making (strong to weak multifunctionality) bounded by productivist and non-productivist action and thought [Hollander, G.M., 2004. Agricultural trade liberalization, multifunctionality, and sugar in the south Florida landscape. Geoforum 35, 299-312; Holmes, J., 2006. Impulses towards a multifunctional transition in rural Australia: gaps in the research agenda. Journal of Rural Studies 22, 142-160; Wilson, G.A., 2007. Multifunctional Agriculture: A Transition Theory Perspective. CAB International, Wallingford], this paper argues that there is currently insufficient research into the geography of multifunctionality. Building on current human geography debates about issues of scale, the paper suggests that we should conceive of multifunctionality as a spatially complex nested hierarchy comprising different interlinked ’layers’ of multifunctional decision-making ranging from the farm level to the national and global levels. It suggests that the notion of multifunctional agriculture only makes sense if it is applied at the farm level as the most important spatial scale for the implementation of multifunctional action ‘on the ground’. Multifunctionality can be interpreted as having ’direct’ expression only at the ’lower’ geographical scales (i.e. farm, community and regional levels in particular) while the regional, national and global levels show ’indirect’ expressions of multifunctionality that are mediated by local level actors in order to find tangible expression on the ground. The notion of global-level multifunctionality is the most challenging, as this level lacks political and ideological coherence about the required directions necessary for implementation of strong multifunctionality pathways. The paper concludes by arguing that much work still awaits those investigating the spatiality of multifunctionality, in particular with regard to the question whether global-level strong multifunctionality is possible, or whether strong multifunctionality in one territory is predicated on weak multifunctionality in others. 相似文献
50.
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