全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4780篇 |
免费 | 511篇 |
国内免费 | 227篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 421篇 |
大气科学 | 339篇 |
地球物理 | 1872篇 |
地质学 | 1440篇 |
海洋学 | 472篇 |
天文学 | 52篇 |
综合类 | 81篇 |
自然地理 | 841篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 17篇 |
2023年 | 33篇 |
2022年 | 66篇 |
2021年 | 114篇 |
2020年 | 200篇 |
2019年 | 181篇 |
2018年 | 162篇 |
2017年 | 225篇 |
2016年 | 194篇 |
2015年 | 158篇 |
2014年 | 191篇 |
2013年 | 466篇 |
2012年 | 122篇 |
2011年 | 165篇 |
2010年 | 152篇 |
2009年 | 241篇 |
2008年 | 337篇 |
2007年 | 291篇 |
2006年 | 277篇 |
2005年 | 256篇 |
2004年 | 209篇 |
2003年 | 174篇 |
2002年 | 145篇 |
2001年 | 141篇 |
2000年 | 147篇 |
1999年 | 133篇 |
1998年 | 121篇 |
1997年 | 110篇 |
1996年 | 84篇 |
1995年 | 82篇 |
1994年 | 67篇 |
1993年 | 64篇 |
1992年 | 36篇 |
1991年 | 30篇 |
1990年 | 25篇 |
1989年 | 24篇 |
1988年 | 26篇 |
1987年 | 10篇 |
1986年 | 14篇 |
1985年 | 5篇 |
1984年 | 5篇 |
1982年 | 6篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1954年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有5518条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
91.
92.
93.
Managing sustainable farmed landscape through 'alternative' food networks: a case study from Italy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
LEWIS HOLLOWAY ROSIE COX† LAURA VENN‡ MOYA KNEAFSEY‡ ELIZABETH DOWLER§ HELENA TUOMAINEN§ 《The Geographical journal》2006,172(3):219-229
This paper focuses on a case study of an 'alternative' food network based in the Abruzzo National Park, Italy, to explore how ideas of sustainable farmland management can be expressed through broader understandings of developing networks of care concerned with local economies and societies, high-quality specialist food products, particular 'traditional' farming practices and livestock breeds, as well as the ecology of a farmed landscape. The scheme allows customers, internationally as well as in Italy, to 'adopt' a milking sheep on a large mountain farm. In return, adopters are sent food products from the farm. The adoption scheme is inter-twined with an agri-tourism project which provides accommodation, runs a restaurant and engages in educational activities. The scheme is the result of the individual initiative of its founder, and is associated with a strongly expressed ethical position concerning the value of sustaining valued local rural landscapes and lifestyles, and the importance of 'reconnecting' urban dwellers with rural areas, farming and 'quality' food production. Yet the localness of the scheme is sustained through wider national and international networks: volunteer and paid workers are drawn from several European countries, funding has been acquired from the EU LEADER programme, and internet and transport technologies are essential in connecting with and supplying an international customer base. The broader economy of care instanced in this case study draws attention to a need to develop strategies for sustainable farmland management constructed around wider programmes of social, economic and cultural, as well as environmental, concern. 相似文献
94.
Can we sustain sustainable agriculture? Learning from small-scale producer-suppliers in Canada and the UK 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
LARCH MAXEY 《The Geographical journal》2006,172(3):230-244
There has been particular interest in 'alternative' food over the last 10 years, with many policymakers and researchers throughout the Minority World following a growing number of consumers and producers in supporting organic farming and a host of 'alternative' food networks. To date, there has been a tendency for theory and policy to emerge somewhat divorced from the grounded practices and experiences of producer-suppliers themselves within these networks. Urging a shift from 'alternativity' to 'sustainability' as a more critical and valuable tool to analyse food networks, this paper draws upon in-depth ethnographic research with small-scale producer-supplier case studies in south Wales and southern Ontario. In so doing it explores often overlooked voices and stories within sustainable food discourses. Focusing on the value of farmer-led understandings and responses, the paper highlights important implications for policymakers and consumers and outlines future research on sustainable food networks. 相似文献
95.
Driving forces of tropical deforestation: The role of remote sensing and spatial models 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Rinku Roy Chowdhury 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2006,27(1):82-101
Remote sensing technologies are increasingly used to monitor landscape change in many parts of the world. While the availability of extensive and timely imagery from various satellite sensors can aid in identifying the rates and patterns of deforestation, modelling techniques can evaluate the socioeconomic and biophysical forces driving deforestation processes. This paper briefly reviews some emerging spatial methodologies aimed at identifying driving forces of land use change and applies one such methodology to understand deforestation in Mexico. Satellite image classification, change analysis and econometric modelling are used to identify the rates, hotspots and drivers of deforestation in a case study of the southern Yucatán peninsular region, an enumerated global hotspot of biodiversity and tropical deforestation. In particular, the relative roles of biophysical and socioeconomic factors in driving regional deforestation rates are evaluated. Such methodological approaches can be applied to other regions of the forested tropics and contribute insights to conservation planning and policy. 相似文献
96.
A salt water lens is found above fresh water under the shore between Dunkerque (France) and Nieuwpoort (Belgium). This inverse density distribution is in a dynamic equilibrium. It develops due to the infiltration of salt water on the back shore during high tide. Under this salt water lens, water infiltrated in the adjacent dune area flows towards the sea and discharges at the seabed. This water quality distribution differs from the classic salt water wedge under fresh water described in the literature. Here, the evolution to this water quality distribution is simulated with a density dependent numerical model. A large tidal range, shore morphology and a permeable groundwater reservoir are the main conditions for the observed water quality distribution. By altering these conditions, intermediate water quality distributions between the classic salt water wedge and the one discussed here develop. Based on these simulations, it is expected that similar kinds of inverse density distribution could be present in a number of coastal areas, which have tides, a gently sloping shore and a permeable substratum. 相似文献
97.
Fluid flow patterns have been determined using oxygen isotope isopleths in the Val-d’Or orogenic gold district. 3D numerical modelling of fluid flow and oxygen isotope exchange in the vein field shows that the fluid flow patterns can be reproduced if the lower boundary of the model is permeable, which represents middle or lower crustal rocks that are infiltrated by a metamorphic fluid generated at deeper levels. This boundary condition implies that the major crustal faults so conspicuous in vein fields do not act as the only major channel for upward fluid flow. The upper model boundary is impermeable except along the trace of major crustal faults where fluids are allowed to drain out of the vein field. This upper impermeable boundary condition represents a low-permeability layer in the crust that separates the overpressured fluid from the overlying hydrostatic fluid pressure regime. We propose that the role of major crustal faults in overpressured vein fields, independent of tectonic setting, is to drain hydrothermal fluids out of the vein field along a breach across an impermeable layer higher in the crust and above the vein field. This breach is crucial to allow flow out of the vein field and accumulation of metals in the fractures, and this breach has major implications for exploration for mineral resources. We propose that tectonic events that cause episodic metamorphic dehydration create a short-lived pulse of metamorphic fluid to rise along zones of transient permeability. This results in a fluid wave that propagates upward carrying metals to the mineralized area. Earthquakes along crustal shear zones cause dilation near jogs that draw fluids and deposit metals in an interconnected network of subsidiary shear zones. Fluid flow is arrested by an impermeable barrier separating the hydrostatic and lithostatic fluid pressure regimes. Fluids flow through the evolving and interconnected network of shear zones and by advection through the rock matrix. Episodic breaches in the impermeable barrier along the crustal shear zones allow fluid flow out of the vein field. 相似文献
98.
Residential RC framed structures suffered heavily during the 2001 Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat, India. These types of structures
also saw severe damage in other earthquakes such as the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake in Turkey and 921 Ji-Ji earthquake in Taiwan.
In this paper the seismic response of residential structures was investigated using physical modelling. Idealised soft storey
and top heavy, two degrees of freedom (2DOF) portal frame structures were developed and tested on saturated and dry sand models
at 25 g using the Schofield Centre 10-m Beam Centrifuge. It was possible to recreate observed field behaviour using these
models. As observed in many of the recent earthquakes, soft storey structures were found to be particularly vulnerable to
seismic loads. Elastic response spectra methods are often used in the design of simple portal frame structures. The seismic
risk of these structures can be significantly increased due to modifications such as removal of a column or addition of heavy
water tanks on the roof. The experimental data from the dynamic centrifuge tests on such soft storey or top-heavy models was
used to evaluate the predictions obtained from the response spectra. Response spectra were able to predict seismic response
during small to moderate intensity earthquakes, but became inaccurate during strong earthquakes and when soil structure interaction
effects became important. Re-evaluation of seismic risk of such modified structures is required and time domain analyses suggested
by building codes such as IBC, UBC or NEHRP may be more appropriate. 相似文献
99.
The Physico-Chemical Properties of a Subducted Slab from Garnet Zonation Patterns (Sesia Zone, Western Alps) 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
KONRAD-SCHMOLKE MATTHIAS; BABIST JOCHEN; HANDY MARK R.; O'BRIEN PATRICK J. 《Journal of Petrology》2006,47(11):2123-2148
Garnets in continentally derived high-pressure (HP) rocks ofthe Sesia Zone (Western Alps) exhibit three different chemicalzonation patterns, depending on sample locality. Comparisonof observed garnet zonation patterns with thermodynamicallymodelled patterns shows that the different patterns are causedby differences in the water content of the subducted protolithsduring prograde metamorphism. Zonation patterns of garnets inwater-saturated host rocks show typical prograde chemical zonationswith steadily increasing pyrope content and increasing XMg,together with bell-shaped spessartine patterns. In contrast,garnets in water-undersaturated rocks have more complex zonationpatterns with a characteristic decrease in pyrope and XMg betweencore and inner rim. In some cases, garnets show an abrupt compositionalchange in core-to-rim profiles, possibly due to water-undersaturationprior to HP metamorphism. Garnets from both water-saturatedand water-undersaturated rocks show signs of intervening growthinterruptions and core resorption. This growth interruptionresults from bulk-rock depletion caused by fractional garnetcrystallization. The water content during burial influences significantly thephysical properties of the subducted rocks. Due to enhancedgarnet crystallization, water-undersaturated rocks, i.e. thoselacking a free fluid phase, become denser than their water-saturatedequivalents, facilitating the subduction of continental material.Although water-bearing phases such as phengite and epidote arestable up to eclogite-facies conditions in these rocks, dehydrationreactions during subduction are lacking in water-undersaturatedrocks up to the transition to the eclogite facies, due to thethermodynamic stability of such hydrous phases at high PTconditions. Our calculations show that garnet zonation patternsstrongly depend on the mineral parageneses stable during garnetgrowth and that certain co-genetic mineral assemblages causedistinct garnet zonation patterns. This observation enablesinterpretation of complex garnet growth zonation patterns interms of garnet-forming reactions and water content during HPmetamorphism, as well determination of detailed PT paths. KEY WORDS: dehydration; high-pressure metamorphism; Sesia Zone; subduction; thermodynamic modelling 相似文献
100.
基于可分解马尔科夫网的极端椒盐噪声图像滤波 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
提出了一种基于可分解马尔科夫网(decomposableMarkovnetworks,DMN)的极端椒盐噪声的均值滤波方法,指出其网络节点的阈值衰减特性和网络节点的连接特性具有很好的对椒盐噪声污染图像的噪声定位的作用,并提出一种在该网络控制下,只对与噪声相关的像素进行均值计算以替代噪声像素的亚均值滤波算法,实现了图像的较强自适应滤波。实验表明,本文方法具有良好的滤波性能。 相似文献