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61.
Abstract: Deep-water turbidite channels have attracted much attention as a focused issue in petroleum exploration and development. Extensive studies have been performed on the architecture of turbidite channels, and most researches have focused on their geometric shapes, sedimentary processes and controlling factors. However, little attention has been paid to the distribution patterns, distribution laws and quantitative studies of composite sand bodies of turbidite channels. Taken one slope area of the Niger Delta Basin as an example, this study conducted a semi-quantitative to quantitative analysis on architecture of composite sand bodies of turbidite channels based on cores, well logging and seismic surveys. It is shown that turbidite channel systems can be classified as confined and unconfined channel systems. For confined channel systems, the vertical evolution process involves four stages. The sinuosity of a channel system is controlled by slope, with a negative power function relationship between them. When slope gradient reaches four degrees, the channel system is nearly straight. Based on the migration direction and migration amount of single channels within channel complexes, channel composite patterns can be divided into four classes (the lateral composite, en-echelon composite, swing composite and vertical composite) and several subclasses. Various channel composite patterns show specific distribution laws spatially. For meandering channel complexes at the middle-late evolution stage of confined channel systems, the lateral migration amongst single channels shows the features of integrity and succession. The sinuosity of single channels in the late period is greater than that in the early period, and cut-offs may occur locally when the sinuosity is larger than five degrees. This study provides a better understanding for the geological theory of deep-water sedimentary, and also improves exploitation benefits of this type of reservoirs. 相似文献
62.
T. K. S. Abam 《Environmental Geology》1997,31(3-4):211-220
The recession of alluvial channel banks occurs as a sequence of mass movements or by gradual dissolution of bank materials.
Criteria for recognizing and interpreting bank recessions due to mass movement and/or erosion are presented. Using back analysis
technique, slope development processes are reconstructed as a sequence of bank failure episodes and erosional events. Various
mechanisms of mass bank failure and recession as well as causative agents have been identified and analyzed. A deterministic
sensitivity technique based on partial differentiation can be used for evaluating the contribution of factors to bank recession
and as a basis for selecting bank erosion remedial measures.
Received: 15 September 1995 · Accepted: 23 January 1996 相似文献
63.
Abstract The Hubert segmentation procedure has been applied to historical series of annual average discharges of the Niger River at Koulikoro (Mali), Niamey (Niger) and Lokoja (Nigeria) stations. The breaks, especially those identified at Koulikoro and Niamey, match well with those identified in the Senegal River series at Bakel using the same procedure. Lokoja departs from this regional pattern, as it shows in the late 1980s a return to wetter conditions much earlier than the other three stations. The magnitudes of the variation of the inter-annual means between the alternating wet and dry periods are significant and similar. These results seem to suggest that phenomena causing non-stationarity in hydrological series can have a sub-continental impact or, in contrast, may be more limited in their spatial coverage. Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor H. Aksoy Citation Abrate, T., Hubert, P., and Sighomnou, D., 2013. A study on hydrological series of the Niger River. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (2), 271–279. 相似文献
64.
An experimental investigation of gravity-driven shale tectonics in progradational delta 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Many deltas exhibit gravitational deformation of their sedimentary cover. In these systems, the décollement layers do not always consist of rock salt but sometimes of overpressured shale. Unlike salt, the efficiency of detachment in shale depends on the magnitude of fluid overpressures and it varies through time and space, as rapid sedimentary burial progrades into deeper water. As a result, the gravity deformational domains are progressively translated seaward. Sandbox models involving high air pore pressures were used to simulate such gravity-driven shale tectonics in prograding deltas. Models were built with sand of various permeabilities and air was injected to simulate the mechanical effects of fluid overpressure. Our apparatus for the injection of air allowed us to control subsurface pressures in space and time during the experiments, and it was used to simulate the advance of the front of the overpressured domain during the sedimentary progradation. In our models, sand kept obeying a frictional behavior, for medium to high pore pressures, and the detachment appeared as very thin shear bands. Compressional belts that formed during the experiment were dominated by asymmetric basinward-verging fore-thrusts, as is often observed in deep-water, shale-detached foldbelts. Where the value of fluid pressures approached that of the lithostatic stress, sand was fluidized, resulting in ductile strains analogous to what occurs in highly overpressured mobile shale. During progradation, ancient buried thrustbelts were reactivated, thereby controlling later extension. During the experiments, sand volcanoes, analogous to mud volcanoes, formed in relation with tectonic structures. Some of them developed near normal faults but many of them formed directly above old buried thrusts. 相似文献
65.
尼日尔特吉达地区砂岩中铀的热流体成矿作用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过野外详细地质调查、钻孔观察、岩芯编录、地质现象素描等方法, 结合室内工作及前人的研究成果, 对尼日尔特吉达地区的铀矿化的研究成果显示, 特吉达地区砂岩中铀主要为热流体成矿, 与前人的氧化带成矿作用认识完全不同。区内主要含矿目的层(白垩世早期阿萨乌阿组)为中粒—中粗粒石英砂岩、长石石英砂岩, 多数含砾。根据阿萨乌阿组砂岩的磨圆、分选好和发育向上变粗序列以及冲洗交错层理等特征确定, 阿萨乌阿组形成于湖滨浅湖砂坝沉积。电子探针成分和背散射电子图像分析表明: 铀矿物主要为沥青铀矿、铀石、吸附铀等, 沥青铀矿和铀石常紧密共生, 呈粒状、微脉状或浸染状, 伴有较强的铜矿化。热流体蚀变形成的方解石、棕色方沸石、绢云母等大量出现, 它们与铀成矿关系密切。成岩期的菱铁矿在后来的氧化中形成赤铁矿/针铁矿(褐铁矿)化。根据与方解石共生的白云石的摩尔数计算的方解石的形成温度表明, 最高温度为385℃, 最低为178℃, 平均为251～300℃。 相似文献
66.
The variation in the geo-electric resistivity of the superficial soils across the Niger Delta was investigated by running profiles spanning over 350 km and covering all the geomorphic zones of the Niger Delta, using a Schlumberger electrode configuration. The results indicate characteristic resistivity ranges. The spatial variation in resistivity was explained by differences in topographic elevation, depth to water table, soil type, and water quality. Based on the soil resistivities in the various geomorphic zones, the corrosivity of the soils were determined and methods of cathodic protection prescribed. A north–south traverse will generally experience a decreasing soil resistivity that is truncated at the beach ridges. 相似文献
67.
l. IntroductionModel simulation of soll physical properties is very 1mportant for climate studies becauseof the role they play in different interaction processes with the atmosphere. One of the mostwidespread studies is the implementation of soil models 1n General Circulation Models(GCMs); previous studies showed, in fact, that climate simulat1ons are sensitive to theparameterization of the energy and mass fluxes at the land surface (V1terbo, l995; Beljiaars etal., l996; Dolman et al., l997… 相似文献
68.
The Diagorou-Darbani Birimian greenstone belt includes (i) tholeiitic metabasalts with flat to slightly depleted LREE patterns, (ii) amphibolites having high contents in both compatible and incompatible elements with strongly fractionated spidergrams showing large HFSE negative anomalies, and (iii) metabasalts and amphibolites with intermediate features between the two previous groups. The chemical compositions of these rocks are not those of oceanic plateau basalts, but suggest a magmatic evolution from an arc environment to a back-arc oceanic basin. Source of the highly enriched amphibolites could be a depleted mantle metasomatized by slab-derived siliceous melts. To cite this article: A. Soumaila et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004). 相似文献
69.
O.J. Kamalu N.O. Isirimah I.K. Ugwa & J.R. Orimoloye 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2002,23(2):207-216
The morphological, physical, chemical and pedological properties of eight pedons representative of the four physiographic units in the Meander Belt of the Niger Delta were studied. The soils were classified and the constraints to their agricultural and engineering uses evaluated. The soils were generally poorly drained, having an Aquic moisture regime, mottles and Fe and Mn concretions. They belong to the Entisol and Inceptisol USDA soil taxonomy orders. Soil textures were generally clayey, except for the pedons of the levee crest with sandy loam textures. Bulk density, particle density and total porosity were generally low. Total nitrogen and available phosphorus were also low. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) and base saturation were high. Organic matter was low to moderate. Total elements of the clay were generally high. The soils have poor physical conditions. The high clay content, and the presence of 2:1 lattice clay minerals could account for the deterioration of the major east-west interstate road linking southeast and southwest Nigeria that passes through the area. Optimum use of the soils for agriculture would depend on good land evaluation and efficient soil water management. 相似文献
70.
Studies on distribution and habitats of mangrove molluscs of the Bonny and New Calabar rivers (Niger Delta) were made at ten shore stations from the river mouth to the tidal fresh water zone. Forty-three species were collected and thirty-nine were identified. Investigations into tidal zonation patterns showed that molluscs inhabited the high, mid and low intertidal stretches of the shore. In the tidal fresh water and low-salinity brackish water zone, the low intertidal is poor in molluscs. Many species have restricted salinity ranges occuring either in the high or low salinity limits. The collected data on occurence of species were analyzed by different methods from multivariate data analysis, namely cluster analysis, principal component analysis and partial least squares. These allowed to visualize structures among mollusc species and stations according to distribution patterns and to estimate the degree of relation between these patterns and salinity. 相似文献