Major biological parameters of four permanent (Lake Colac, Modewarre, Bolac and Tooliorook), shallow and slightly saline lakes in the volcanic plains of western Victoria, Australia recorded bi-monthly between November 1999–September 2001 are described. Chlorophyll a concentration ranged from 3–29 μg l−1 with peaks in autumn. Phytoplankton taxa recorded were diverse, with Chlorophyta and Bacillariophyta being common. Cyanobacterial blooms were recorded mostly in summer. Zooplankton abundance in the lakes ranged from 12–368 individuals per litre. Rotifera dominated Lake Bolac, Copepoda dominated Lake Modewarre and they co-dominated Lake Colac and Tooliorook. Zooplankton interactions with phytoplankton suggest that simple predator-prey relationships cannot fully explain the trends exhibited and that a more complex model was acting to regulate algal biomass. A decline in the abundance of zooplankton in summer in Lake Modewarre was attributed to predation by high number of exotic larval carp at that time of the year. A total of 25 benthic macroinvertebrate taxa were recorded from Lake Colac, 30 from Modewarre, 22 from Bolac and 35 from Tooliorook. Twenty-one of the 45 taxa identified occurred in at least three lakes. Nine of the 12 taxa that occurred in only one lake were from Lake Tooliorook. Simpson's diversity index was low in Lake Bolac when compared to other three lakes. Lake Modewarre had more benthic individuals (3246 Ind m−2) than other three lakes (range 624–1397 Ind m−2). The combined contribution of Ostracoda, Amphipoda and Gastropoda dominated the benthos in all the lakes throughout the study period. Macroinvertebrate taxa richness was higher in the present study lakes than recorded from the lakes in the region. Frequency of sampling and number of sampling sites seemed more important in determining species richness than the size and shallowness of the lakes. 相似文献
The inferred Permo-Triassic Chiang Khong volcanic belt is composed of felsic to mafic volcanic rocks and their pyroclastic equivalents. Almost all the least-altered mafic volcanic rocks are lava flows; a few might have occurred as dykes. These mafic volcanic rocks are non-foliated to weakly foliated, and mostly have porphyritic textures. The phenocrysts/microphenocrysts in porphyritic samples are commonly plagioclase, and may include clinopyroxene, olivine, Fe-Ti oxide, apatite and amphibole. The matrix of lava flows ranges texturally from felty to trachytic but a few samples show felty to ophitic/subophitic, and glassy textures, whereas that of possible dyke samples is holocrystalline. The primary matrix constituents are largely plagioclase and variable proportions of clinopyroxene, Fe-Ti oxide, amphibole, olivine, apatite, quartz, alkali feldspar and/or glass. All the studied samples have been subjected to greenschist-facies regional metamorphism. Chemically, the samples show narrow ranges of least-mobile incompatible-element ratios and range compositionally from dacite to basalt of tholeiitic series. These samples are chemically analogous to those of the Tertiary andesite from Sardinian Rift, Sardinia, Italy, particularly in terms of least-mobile incompatible-element ratios. Accordingly, the studied mafic volcanic rocks are interpreted to have formed in a continental volcanic arc. However, the problem related to the geometry of plate convergence, giving rise to the continental volcanic arc, still exists. 相似文献
Land subsidence caused by compression of clay layers in Ojiya City, Japan was measured by global positioning system (GPS) between 1 April 1996 and 31 December 1998.
Three baselines were selected in and around the city, and height difference on a WGS-84 ellipsoid was measured by GPS on each baseline. The ground at the GPS station in the city subsides and rebounds 7 cm every winter and spring, respectively. Measurement accuracy was 9.5 mm standard deviation. Ground water level was observed at a well near the GPS station. Regression analysis between total strain, calculated as ratio of the height difference displacement to the total thickness of the clay layers, and the layers' effective stress change with ground water level change gave good correlation. The slope of regression line 7.0×10−11 m2/N was obtained as an average apparent coefficient of volume compressibility of the layers. 相似文献
Suzhou City, located at the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in southeastern Jiangsu Province, is one of the few cities
in China which suffer from severe ground settlement. A research project was carried out to investigate this problem. Geological
and hydrogeological studies show that there is a multi-layered aquifer system with three distinct, soft mud layers of marine
and lagoonal origins. An examination of historical records of groundwater extraction, water levels, and ground settlement
shows that the ground subsidence is associated with the continuously increasing groundwater extraction in the deep, confined
aquifer. It is believed that the consolidation of the soft mud layers, especially the third layer which is thick and close
to the main pumped aquifer, contributes to the ground settlement. A three-dimensional finite difference numerical model representing
the multi-layered aquifer system was developed to study the ground settlement in response to groundwater extraction. By calibrating
the model with both the measured groundwater level and ground settlement, the aquifer parameters were estimated. The model
outputs fit reasonably well with the observed results, which indicates that the numerical model can reproduce the dynamic
processes of both groundwater flow and soil consolidation. The hydraulic conductivity of the third mud layer near the center
of the ground settlement has been reduced by over 30% in the last 14 years. The gradual deterioration in the hydraulic conductivity
of the mud may have significant adverse effect on the sustainable groundwater resource of the deep confined aquifer, since
the recharge from the shallow aquifers through the mud layer is the only source of water to the deep aquifer. An analysis
of the spatial distributions of groundwater drawdown and ground settlement shows that the area with maximum drawdown is not
necessarily the area with maximum ground settlement due to the occurrence of the soft mud layer. A simple reallocation in
pumping rates on the basis of the spatial distribution of the thick mud layer could significantly reduce the ground settlement.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
The changes in the response of near surfaceaerosol properties to land- and sea-breezecirculations, associated with the changes in the prevailing synoptic meteorological conditions, are examined for a tropical coastal station. Aerosol properties are nearly similar in both the breeze regimes (land and sea) during seasons of marine airmass while they are distinct during seasons of continental airmass. As the prevailing winds shift from continental to marine and the ambient weather changes from winter conditions to the humid monsoon season, the submicron mode, which dominated the aerosol mass-size distribution, is largely suppressed and the dominance of the super micron mode increases. During periods of continental air mass (winter), the aerosol loading is significantly higher in the land-breeze regime, (particularly in the submicron range) but as the winds shift to marine, the loading initially becomes insensitive to the breeze regimes and later becomes higher in the sea-breeze regime, particularly in the super micron range. 相似文献
Two land surface schemes, SCAM and CSIRO9, were used to model the measured energy fluxes during the OASIS (Observations At Several Interacting Scales) field program. The measurements were taken at six sites along a 100 km rainfall gradient. Two types of simulations were conducted: (1) offline simulations forced with measured atmospheric input data at each of the six sites, and (2) regional simulations with the two land surface schemes coupled to the regional climate model DARLAM.The two land surface schemes employ two different canopy modelling concepts: in SCAM the vegetation is conceptually above the ground surface, while CSIRO9 employs the more commonly used `horizontally tiled' approach in which the vegetation cover is modelled by conceptually placing it beside bare ground. Both schemes utilize the same below-ground components (soil hydrological and thermal models) to reduce the comparison to canopy processes only. However, the ground heat flux, soil evaporation and evapotranspiration are parameterised by the two canopy treatments somewhat differently.Both canopy concepts reproduce the measured energy fluxes. SCAM has a slightly higher root-mean standard error in the model-measurement comparison for the ground heat flux. The mean surface radiative temperature simulated by SCAM is approximately 1K lower than in the CSIRO9 simulations. However, the soil and vegetation temperatures (which contribute to the radiative temperature) varied more in the CSIRO9 simulations. These larger variations are due to the absence of a representation of the aerodynamic interactions between vegetation and ground. 相似文献
Strategies to mitigate anthropogenic climate change recognize that carbon sequestration in the terrestrial biosphere can reduce the build-up of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere. However, climate mitigation policies do not generally incorporate the effects of these changes in the land surface on the surface albedo, the fluxes of sensible and latent heat to the atmosphere, and the distribution of energy within the climate system. Changes in these components of the surface energy budget can affect the local, regional, and global climate. Given the goal of mitigating climate change, it is important to consider all of the effects of changes in terrestrial vegetation and to work toward a better understanding of the full climate system. Acknowledging the importance of land surface change as a component of climate change makes it more challenging to create a system of credits and debits wherein emission or sequestration of carbon in the biosphere is equated with emission of carbon from fossil fuels. Recognition of the complexity of human-caused changes in climate does not, however, weaken the importance of actions that would seek to minimize our disturbance of the Earth’s environmental system and that would reduce societal and ecological vulnerability to environmental change and variability. 相似文献