2001-2010年非洲大气PM2.5污染浓度空间格局演化     

杨帆  周亮  林蔚  徐建刚 《世界地理研究》2016,(3):30-39

基于NASA的全球大气PM2.5年均污染浓度栅格数据,通过对非洲行政边界矢量化、分区统计各国大气PM2.5浓度均值及建立空间数据库,利用重力模型、ESDA模型及GIS空间统计分析方法,对非洲52个主要国家（地区）2001 – 2010年间的大气PM2.5污染浓度时空格局特征演化进行探究,并依据时间序列特征将研究对象划分为8类。研究结果表明：（1）2001-2010年非洲大气PM2.5污染浓度大致呈现“中间高、南北低;西部高、东部低”的空间特征;其中高值区集中分布在非洲西部几内亚湾附近的尼日利亚、刚果与喀麦隆等国家,低值区则广泛地分布在北非、南非以及非洲东南部印度洋沿岸地区或岛屿。（2）基于ESDA模型的空间自相关分析发现PM2.5浓度“高-高”热点区主要集聚在几内亚湾附近主要国家,“低-低”冷点区集中在东南部印度洋沿岸的南非、莫桑比克与马达加斯加岛。（3）时序上2001-2010年非洲PM2.5年平均污染浓度呈现明显下降趋势,其中32个国家（占研究区总数的61.54%）2010年PM2.5污染年均浓度低于2001年。（4）从自然环境条件及社会经济因素两方面浅析其空间格局主要成因：几内亚湾沿岸是非洲PM2.5污染最严重的地区,因其人口稠密且高度依赖石油产业;非洲东南部地区PM2.5污染最轻,得益于其良好的自然环境条件及低污染的支柱产业。  相似文献   

基于小波分析的GPS PWV与PM2.5比较研究     

王勇  刘严萍 《大地测量与地球动力学》2016,36(5):430

通过比较2013-11~12的BJNM站点GPS PWV序列与天坛站点PM2.5浓度序列发现,两者的相关系数大于0.535,sig值小于0.01,存在显著的正相关特性;基于小波分析方法剔除高频噪声、细微扰动和小尺度系统影响的第4层低频系数重构的PWV序列与PM2.5序列的相关性达到0.749;高频系数重构的PM2.5序列与PWV序列的相关性达到0.839,更能反映两者的正相关特性。  相似文献   

Spatial-temporal variation in soil respiration and its controlling factors in three steppes of Stipa L. in Inner Mongolia, China     

QI YuChun  DONG YunShe  LIU LiXin  LIU XingRen  PENG Qin    XIAO ShengSheng  & HE YaTing 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2010,(5)

Grassland is the largest terrestrial ecosystem in China. It is of great significance to measure accurately the soil respiration of different grassland types for the contribution evaluation of the Chinese terrestrial ecosystem’s carbon emission to the atmospheric CO2 concentration. A three-year (2005-2007) field experiment was carried out on three steppes of Stipa L. in the Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia, China, using a static opaque chamber technique. The seasonal and interannual variations of soil respiration rates were analyzed, and the annual total soil respiration of the three steppes was estimated. The numerical models between soil respiration and water-heat factors were established respectively. Similar seasonal dynamic and high annual and interannual variations of soil respiration were found in all of the three steppes. In the growing season, the fluctuation of soil respiration was particularly evident. The coefficients of variation (CVs) for soil respiration in different growing seasons ranged from 54% to 93%, and the annual CVs were all above 115%. The interannual CV of soil respiration progressively decreased in the order of Stipa grandis (S. grandis) steppe Stipa baicalensis (S. baicalensis) steppe Stipa krylovii (S. krylovii) steppe. The annual total soil respiration for the S. baicalensis steppe was 223.62?299.24 gC m-2 a-1, 150.62-226.99 gC m-2 a-1 for the S. grandis steppe, and 111.31–131.55 gC m-2 a-1 for the S. krylovii steppe, which were consistent with the precipitation gradient. The variation in the best fitting temperature factor explained the 63.5%, 73.0%, and 73.2% change in soil respiration in the three steppes at an annual time scale, and the corresponding Q10 values were 2.16, 2.98, and 2.40, respectively. Moreover, the Q10 values that were calculated by soil temperature at different depths all expressed a 10 cm 5 cm surface in the three sampling sites. In the growing season, the soil respiration rates were related mostly to the surface soil moisture, and the 95.2%, 97.4%, and 93.2% variations in soil respiration in the three steppes were explained by the change in soil moisture at a depth of 0-10 cm, respectively.  相似文献   

Towards Earth AntineutRino TomograpHy (EARTH)     

R. J. de Meijer  F. D. Smit  F. D. Brooks  R. W. Fearick  H. J. Wörtche  F. Mantovani 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2006,99(1-4):193-206

The programme Earth AntineutRino TomograpHy (EARTH) proposes to build ten underground facilities each hosting a telescope. Each telescope consists of many detector modules, to map the radiogenic heat sources deep in the interior of the Earth by utilising direction sensitive geoneutrino detection. Recent hypotheses target the core-mantle boundary (CMB) as a major source of natural radionuclides and therefore of radiogenic heat. A typical scale of the processes that take place at the CMB is about 200 km. To observe these processes from the surface requires an angular resolution of about 3°. EARTH aims at creating a high-resolution 3D-map of the radiogenic heat sources in the Earth’s interior. It will thereby contribute to a better understanding of a number of geophysical phenomena observed at the Earth’s surface. This condition requires a completely different approach from the monolithic detector systems as e.g. KamLAND. This paper presents, for such telescopes, the boundary conditions set by physics, the estimated count rates, and the first initial results from Monte-Carlo simulations and laboratory experiments. The Monte-Carlo simulations indicate that the large volume telescope should consist of detector modules each comprising a very large number of detector units, with a cross section of roughly a few square centimetres. The signature of an antineutrino event will be a double pulse event. One pulse arises from the slowing down of the emitted positron, the other from the neutron capture. In laboratory experiments small sized, ¹⁰B-loaded liquid scintillation detectors were investigated as candidates for direction sensitive, low-energy antineutrino detection.  相似文献   

Growth history of hydrothermal chimneys at EPR 9-10°N: A structural and mineralogical study     

Peng?Xiaotong  Zhou?HuaiyangEmail author 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2005,48(11):1891-1899

Based on structural and mineralogical characteristics of four hydrothermal chimney samples collected by submersible Alvin, growth history and formation environment of hydrothermal chimney at EPR 9-10°N are established. It is shown that there occur two types of hydrothermal chimney with different deposition environments at EPR 9-10°N according to differences in their shape, structure and mineral assemblage: type I chimney forms in an environment with high temperature, low pH and strong reducing hydrothermal focus flow and type II chimney forms in a relatively low temperature, high pH and rich Zn hydrothermal environment. Growth of type I chimney begins with the formation of anhydrite. Subsequently deposition of Cu-Fe-Zn sulphide in various directions of chimneys decides the final structure of this type of chimney. According to observation and analysis of mineral assemblages, the formation process of type I chimney could be divided into three stages from early, middle to late. Changes of temperature and major chemical reaction type in the process of hydrothermal chimney formation are also deduced. Different from type I chimney, quenching crystalline of pyrite and/or crystalline of sphalerite provide the growth foundation of type II chimney in the early stage of chimney forma-tion.  相似文献   

郑州市区PM10污染状况及相关气象条件分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

申占营  熊杰伟  陈东  秦世广 《河南气象》2005,(1):28-29

利用郑州市区 2003年空气质量日报和同期气象观测资料,分析了郑州市区PM10 ( >10μm可吸入颗粒物)污染状况及相关气象条件变化特征,结果表明:郑州市区PM10污染全年各月均以 2级为主,占总样本数的77. 5%;其次是 3级污染,占 15. 1%, 1级只占 7. 4%。1 ~7月份 3级污染逐渐减少, 8 ~11月份 1级天气占一定比例。全年 3级污染日依自然季节变化逐渐减少。出现≥3级污染日时,空气相对湿度为 61% ~70%的占 3级污染日的 1 /3;日均风速≤2. 0m/s的日数占 3级污染日的 78%。  相似文献   

Seasonal patterns and environmental control of ecosystem respiration in subtropical and temperate forests in China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

YU Guirui  WEN Xuefa  Li Qingkang  ZHANG Leiming  REN Chuanyou  Liu Yunfen  Guan Dexin 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2005,48(Z1)

Continuous measurement of carbon dioxide exchange using the eddy covariance (EC) technique was made at two ChinaFLUX forest sites including the young subtropical Pinus plantation (Qianyanzhou) and old temperate broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest (Changbai Mountains) as part of the ChinaFLUX network. Seasonal patterns and environmental control of ecosystem respiration in the subtropical and temperate forests were evaluated by the often-used multiplicative model and Q10 model as a function of temperature and soil water content. The resuits suggested that ( i ) temperature was found to be a dominant factor in the ecosystem respiration, and most of the temporal variability of ecosystem respiration was explained by temperature. However, in the drought-stressed ecosystem, soil water content controlled the temporal variability of ecosystem respiration other than temperature effects, and soil water content became a dominat factor when severe drought affected the ecosystem respiration; (ii) the regression models analysis revealed that in the drier soil, ecosystem respiration was more sensitive to soil moisture than was expressed by the often-used multiplicative model. It was possible to accurately estimate the seasonal variation of ecosystem respiration based on the Q10 model; and (iii)annual ecosystem respiration derived from the often-used multiplicative model was 1209 g C m-2and 1303 g C m-2, and was consistently a little higher than the Q10 model estimates of 1197 g C m-2 and 1268 g C m-2 for Qianyanzhou and Changbai Mountains, respectively.  相似文献   

Water soluble components of PM_(10) in Chongqing, China     

罗清泉  鲜学福  陈刚才  杨清玲 《中国地球化学学报》2005,24(2)

1Introduction Particleswithanaerodynamicdiameterof< 10μmarerecognizedasinhalabaleparticlesandhave beenfoundtobewidelyassociatedwithhealthprob lems(Chapmanetal.,1997).Theywouldalsoinflu enceclimateandvisibilitythroughanumberofimpor tantatmosphericprocesses(Horvath,1993). Rapiddevelopmentofurbanconstructionandrap idgrowthofpopulationhaveexacerbatedChongqing’s pollution.Althoughsulfurdioxidehasbeenreducedby morethan60%incontrasttothevaluein1991,the concentrationsofparticulatematterarestil…  相似文献   

Geochemical and statistical analysis of trace metals in atmospheric particulates in Wuhan, central China   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Weiwei Lv  Yanxin Wang  Xavier Querol  Xinguo Zhuang  Andrés Alastuey  Angel López  Mar Viana 《Environmental Geology》2006,51(1):121-132

The geochemical characteristics of trace metals (As, Cr, Co, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) in PM10 in Wuhan, the biggest metropolitan in central China, as well as their sources and contributions were analyzed. As PM10 has been the principal contaminant of air in Wuhan for years, concentrations of trace metals were measured in PM10 using high-volume samplers at one urban (Hankou) and one industrial (Changqian) site in Wuhan between September 2003 and September 2004. Based on the results, PM10 in Wuhan is characterized by relatively high levels of As, Cd, Mn, Pb and Zn compared with other Asian cities. The time-series of these elements indicated that As, Cu and Zn at both sites have similar trends, whereas Pb levels showed different patterns due to different emission sources. Factor analysis was applied to the datasets focusing on the apportionment of the mass of selected trace metals. Results indicate that Pb, Cd and As have a common source (smelting) at both sites, whereas the sources of Ni vary from coal combustion and steel in Changqian to mineral and traffic in Hankou.  相似文献   

WMO区域本底站气溶胶特征分析^*   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10       下载免费PDF全文

杨东贞  颜鹏  张养梅  徐敬  王淑凤 《第四纪研究》2006,26(5):733-741

文章通过2002年8月12~27日和2003年7月20日~8月1日在浙江临安县的WMO区域空气污染本底站临安站所采集的气溶胶样品的质量浓度,水溶性离子,有机碳/元素碳(OC/EC)及部分化学元素的特征分析,并与1991年夏季(8月22~28日)气溶胶的某些特征比较,初步研究结果为:1991年至2003年夏季的气溶胶TSP,PM11和PM2.1浓度均呈现出减少的趋势,但是PM11/TSP和PM2.1/PM11则有增加的趋势。1991年、2002年和2003年PM11/TSP的值为90 % 左右,PM2.1/PM11 分别为46.52 % , 69.33 % 和72.29 % ,说明气溶胶以小粒子为主,小粒子又以细粒子为主。1991年、2002年和2003年浓度最高的离子为SO^2-₄,其次为NH^＋₄。其中SO^2-₄占所测离子浓度的百分数分别为65.39 % ,57.75 % 和57.27 % ,并且主要以(NH₄)₂SO₄,(K)₂SO₄和(Na)₂SO₄的形式存在。各离子浓度占所测离子浓度的百分数基本上不随年代变化,具有一定稳定性。2002年和2003年气溶胶中的OC浓度分别为29.91μg/m³和14.14μg/m³,均为各自的组分之首。2002年和2003年OC的比值PM2.1/PM11分别为64.63 % 和77.71 % ,EC的比值PM2.1/PM11分别为69.89 % 和87.17 % ,可见气溶胶中OC和EC主要存在于PM2.1的粒子中。元素富集因子分析表明,自然源与人为源对气溶胶中的元素都有重要的贡献。主因子分析结果显示PM2.1和PM11元素源基本相同,自然源主要是地壳、土壤尘和海盐, 人为源主要是煤飞灰(煤和焦碳)、冶炼工业和道路机动车辆的排放、废物处理、垃圾焚烧及建筑工业粉尘等。  相似文献