Estimation of large wood budgets in a watershed and river corridor at interdecadal to interannual scales in a cold‐temperate fluvial system          下载免费PDF全文

Maxime Boivin  Thomas Buffin‐Bélanger  Hervé Piégay 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2017,42(13):2199-2213

Large wood (LW) is a ubiquitous feature in rivers of forested watersheds worldwide, and its importance for river diversity has been recognized for several decades. Although the role of LW in fluvial dynamics has been extensively documented, there is a need to better quantify the most significant components of LW budgets at the river scale. The purpose of our study was to quantify each component (input, accumulation, and output) of a LW budget at the reach and watershed scales for different time periods (i.e. a 50‐year period, decadal cycle, and interannual cycle). The LW budget was quantified by measuring the volumes of LW inputs, accumulations, and outputs within river sections that were finally evacuated from the watershed. The study site included three unusually large but natural wood rafts in the delta of the Saint‐Jean River (SJR; Québec, Canada) that have accumulated all LW exported from the watershed for the last 50 years. We observed an increase in fluvial dynamics since 2004, which led to larger LW recruitment and a greater LW volume trapped in the river corridor, suggesting that the system is not in equilibrium in terms of the wood budget but is rather recovering from previous human pressures as well as adjusting to hydroclimatic changes. The results reveal the large variability in the LW budget dynamics during the 50‐year period and allow us to examine the eco‐hydromorphological trajectory that highlights key variables (discharge, erosion rates, bar surface area, sinuosity, wood mobility, and wood retention). Knowledge on the dynamics of these variables improves our understanding of the historical and future trajectories of LW dynamics and fluvial dynamics in gravel‐bed rivers. Extreme events (flood and ice‐melt) significantly contribute to LW dynamics in the SJR river system. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Conversion of Biomass Waste into Biochar and the Effect on Mung Bean Crop Production     

《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2017,45(7)

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Variable hillslope-channel coupling and channel characteristics of forested mountain streams in glaciated landscapes     

Marwan A. Hassan  Stephen Bird  David Reid  Carles Ferrer-Boix  Dan Hogan  Francesco Brardinoni  Shawn Chartrand 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(3):736-751

Channel morphology of forested, mountain streams in glaciated landscapes is regulated by a complex suite of processes, and remains difficult to predict. Here, we analyze models of channel geometry against a comprehensive field dataset collected in two previously glaciated basins in Haida Gwaii, B.C., to explore the influence of variable hillslope–channel coupling imposed by the glacial legacy on channel form. Our objective is to better understand the relation between hillslope–channel coupling and stream character within glaciated basins. We find that the glacial legacy on landscape structure is characterized by relatively large spatial variation in hillslope–channel coupling. Spatial differences in coupling influence the frequency and magnitude of coarse sediment and woody material delivery to the channel network. Analyses using a model for channel gradient and multiple models for width and depth show that hillslope–channel coupling and high wood loading induce deviations from standard downstream predictions for all three variables in the study basins. Examination of model residuals using Boosted Regression Trees and nine additional channel variables indicates that ~10 to ~40% of residual variance can be explained by logjam variables, ~15–40% by the degree of hillslope–channel coupling, and 10–20% by proximity to slope failures. These results indicate that channel classification systems incorporating hillslope–channel coupling, and, indirectly, the catchment glacial legacy, may present a more complete understanding of mountain channels. From these results, we propose a conceptual framework which describes the linkages between landscape history, hillslope–channel coupling, and channel form. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Stream habitat provided by large wood at risk under drainage law     

Patrick D. Shirey  Jillian B. Kenny  Michael A. Brueseke  Gary A. Lamberti 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(5):1318-1324

Watershed management efforts in agriculturally dominated landscapes of North America face nearly two centuries of laws and policies that encouraged habitat destruction. Although streams and wetlands in these landscapes are actively being restored using designs that incorporate science and engineering, watershed drainage laws can constrain action or impact passively restored or naturalized habitat. In general, drainage laws require removal of any riparian vegetation or wood deemed to obstruct flow in streams regulated as drains. We use a case study from Indiana (USA) to introduce the shortcomings of drainage laws for allowing large wood, which is an important habitat feature, to remain in stream ecosystems. Removals of large wood from monitored stream reaches in a regulated drain were associated with subsequent declines in fish biomass. Such legal activities represent an important environmental management problem that exists under drainage laws which apply to streams over a widespread geographic region of North America. Recent litigation in Wisconsin (USA) suggests that if state legislatures fail to update these antiquated laws, the courts may act in favour of science-based management of drains. The statutes and regulations that govern agricultural drainage warrant careful consideration if streams within drainage districts are to be managed to improve ecological function. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Long-term large wood load fluctuations in two low-order streams in Southern Chile     

Andrés Iroumé  Manuel Cartagena  Luisa Villablanca  Daniel Sanhueza  Bruno Mazzorana  Lorenzo Picco 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(9):1959-1973

The eco-hydrogeomorphic significance of large wood (LW) and its potential for increasing downstream hazards during extreme floods have been widely recognized. We used LW data collected for a 10-year period from the two low-order streams of Pichún (Pi) and Vuelta de Zorra (VZ) in Southern Chile to (a) determine if the abundance and dimensions of individual LW pieces change with time, (b) quantify wood load fluctuations during the 10-year period, and (c) assess the role of LW recruitment from the riparian forests to explain wood load fluctuations during the study period. Nine years after the first survey, the number of LW pieces in Pi and VZ diminished by 60 and 40%, respectively. Despite the reduction in these numbers, in Pi, the LW dimensions did not change significantly during the study. In VZ, the dimensions exhibited statistically significant differences, despite being within the same class. In both catchments, the LW load fluctuated during a 10-year period, but the drivers of change differed. Although tree toppling was the recruitment mechanism responsible for LW in both stream cases, the high wood load measured in Pi at the beginning of the study suggested massive tree recruitments before the first survey, followed by wood exports which were higher than inputs in the subsequent 10-year period. In VZ, LW load decreased during the first 9 years (mean annual rate of ~9.2 m³ year⁻¹) and then increased by ~12.1 m³ year⁻¹ in year 10. At VZ, the inputs consisted of single trees that were recruited from the riparian area and by upstream flotation, while exports occurred by downstream fluvial transport. Wood inputs and exports occurred asynchronously and led to LW load fluctuations at decadal and annual intervals. Land management and tree species thus exert a major influence on wood inventory and budget in streams. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Fine particle transport dynamics in response to wood additions in a small agricultural stream     

Jennifer Drummond  Aslan Wright-Stow  Paul Franklin  John Quinn  Aaron Packman 《水文研究》2020,34(21):4128-4138

Wood additions to streams can slow water velocities and provide depositional areas for bacteria and fine particles (e.g., particulate organic carbon and nutrients sorbed to fine sediment), therefore increasing solute and particle residence times. Thus, wood additions are thought to create biogeochemical hotspots in streams. Added wood is expected to enhance in-stream heterogeneity, result in more complex flow paths, increase natural retention of fine particles and alter the geomorphic characteristics of the stream reach. Our aim was to directly measure the impact of wood additions on fine particle transport and retention processes. We conducted conservative solute and fluorescent fine particle tracer injection studies in a small agricultural stream in the Whatawhata catchment, North Island of New Zealand in two reaches—a control reach and a reach restored 1-year earlier by means of wood additions. Fine particles were quantified in surface water to assess reach-scale (channel thalweg) and habitat-scale (near wood) transport and retention. Following the injection, habitat-scale measurements were taken in biofilms on cobbles and by stirring streambed sediment to measure fine particles available for resuspension. Tracer injection results showed that fine particle retention was greater in the restored compared to the control reach, with increased habitat-scale particle counts and reach-scale particle retention. Particle deposition was positively correlated with cobble biofilm biomass. We also found that the addition of wood enhanced hydraulic complexity and increased the retention of solute and fine particles near the wood, especially near a channel spanning log. Furthermore, particles were more easily remobilized from the control reach. The mean particle size remobilized after stirring the sediments was ~5 μm, a similar size to both fine particulate organic matter and many microorganisms. These results demonstrate that particles in this size range are dynamic and more likely to remobilize and transport further downstream during bed mobilization events.  相似文献   

云母对热塑化木材/马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯结构与性能的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

林志勇  李运波  徐玉文  姚辉梅  钱浩  肖凤英 《矿物学报》2006,26(2):243-247

云母是一种高形态化的薄片状硅酸铝矿物,是新型的工业化填料。通过苄基化法在相转移催化剂(PTC)的作用下可将木粉制备成热塑化木材(TPW),然后将热塑化木材、马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯按一定比例配料后,再分别与不同质量的云母共混挤出,制备成热塑化木材/马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯/云母复合材料(TPW/MAH-PP/Mi-ca)。利用扫描电子显微镜和广角X射线衍射仪来研究复合材料的冷淬断面及结晶行为,发现云母含量增加没有改变聚丙烯的结晶晶型,但降低其结晶度;研究材料的力学性能发现:在综合性能比较好的情况下,云母可有效地提高TPW/MAH-PP复合材料的拉伸强度近8%、弯曲强度25%~30%。  相似文献   

Use of Remote Imagery to Analyse Changes in Morphology and Longitudinal Large Wood Distribution in the Blanco River After the 2008 Chaitén Volcanic Eruption,Southern Chile          下载免费PDF全文

Héctor Ulloa  Andrés Iroumé  Luca Mao  Andrea Andreoli  Silvia Diez  Luis E. Lara 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2015,97(3):523-541

The 2008 Chaitén volcanic eruption generated significant changes in the channel morphology and large wood (LW) abundance along the fluvial corridor of the Blanco River, southern Chile. Comparisons of remote sensing images from the pre‐eruption (year 2005) and post‐eruption (years 2009 and 2012) conditions showed that in a 10.2 km long study segment the Blanco River widened 3.5 times from 2005 to 2009, and that the maximum enlargement was nine times the original width. Changes in channel width were lower between the years 2012 and 2009. The sinuosity and braiding indexes also changed between 2005 and 2009. After the eruption the channel sinuosity was higher and specific river reaches developed a braided pattern, but by 2012 the channel was recovering pre‐eruption characteristics. Huge quantities of LW were introduced to the study segment; individual LW per km of channel length were 1.6 and 74.3 in 2005 and 2009, respectively, and more than 30 log jams km^?1 were observed in the year 2009. Between 2009 and 2012 the quantity of LW was very similar. Statistically significant relationships were found between the number of log jams and channel sinuosity and between the number of pieces of large wood with sinuosity and channel width. Wood was highly dynamic between 2009 and 2012: 78% of individual pieces and 48% of log jams identified in the 2009 image had moved by 2012. Finally the supervised classification of imagery associated with ArcMap tools was tested to identify large wood.  相似文献   

辽西义县下白垩统九佛堂组木化石的发现     

王秀芹  田宁  王永栋  朱志鹏  李玉玲 《世界地质》2015,34(4):879-885

首次发现产自辽西义县皮家沟下白垩统九佛堂组保存有解剖构造的木化石,利用木化石切片法对木化石解剖特征进行研究。当前木化石均为硅化保存,其中一块标本保存有髓、初生木质部、次生木质部等解剖构造。其髓部主要由薄壁细胞构成,初生木质部为内始式,次生木质部为Protophyllocladoxylon型。部分木化石标本表面密布大小不一的孔洞,推测为昆虫幼虫的觅食痕迹。此外,木化石产出层位还发现有大量丝碳化石,表明义县地区早白垩世九佛堂组沉积时期存在野火事件,而频发的火山喷发活动可能是野火事件的诱因。  相似文献   

西天山伊犁地块北缘早石炭世硅化木的发现及其意义     

白建科  李智佩  徐学义  茹艳娇  李婷 《中国区域地质》2011,(10):1557-1562

在西天山伊犁地块北缘琼阿希河谷中首次发现硅化木,对硅化木的基本特征进行了描述。根据地层中腕足、珊瑚化石的鉴定结果,将地层的时代定为早石炭世维宪期,因此该硅化木的产出层位为下石炭统阿克沙克组。硅化木产于阿克沙克组底部黑色薄层状泥岩、粉砂岩中,这套岩性组合形成于扇三角洲前缘水下分流间湾。伊犁地块北缘阿克沙克组底部扇三角洲沉积环境的确定和硅化木化石的发现说明：研究区早石炭世维宪期不是一套连续的海相沉积,而是陆相—海陆过渡相沉积,研究区所处的地理位置距离古陆地不远。这一发现对于重新认识伊犁地块早石炭世古地理和古构造格局具有重要意义。  相似文献