灾害性天气总结中存在的问题和关键要点分析     

赵玉春  王仁乔 《湖北气象》2008,27(1):87-93

为了帮助预报员加深对灾害性天气的认识并提高其预报预测准确率,联系近2～3年来武汉中心气象台灾害性天气总结实际,分析了灾害性天气总结中存在的若干问题,并对其原因进行了简要剖析;在此基础上,以若干灾害性天气总结为例,归纳了灾害性天气总结的关键要点,即从预报业务实践中提炼科学问题,综合应用多种探测资料,重视灾害性天气数值模拟和试验研究,加强灾害性天气形成机理研究,尝试灾害性天气三维结构和物理图像的总结,加强灾害性天气可预报性问题探讨,注重灾害性天气预报思路和着眼点的总结;最后,就如何做好灾害性天气总结和充分发挥其效益,提出了几点建议。  相似文献   

济南市一次持续大雾过程分析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

尹承美  刘爱梅  胡鹏  杨芙蓉  周春珍 《气象科学》2008,28(Z1)

利用常规气象观测资料对2007年12月20-23日济南市一次持续大雾天气过程的大尺度天气背景、地面气压场、温度对数压力图以及单站气象要素进行了分析,结果表明:雾是在稳定的大气层结下出现的天气现象,根据大气稳定层结的状况及变化,可以判断大雾天气的有无及生消时间;近地面逆温和低空逆温同时存在,表明大气层结非常稳定,近地面逆温有利于近地面层水汽积累,低空逆温使近地面层水汽不易扩散而聚集,有利于近地面层维持潮湿,持续几天出现大雾;连续几天大气层结都处于稳定状态,地面风力很小,这些都限制了近地面层的水汽向外耗散,底层相对湿度较大,为大雾的形成提供了充沛的水汽条件.  相似文献   

The Origin of the Element Eu in Extremely Metal-poor Halo Stars     

Jun-an Dai  Qiu-he Peng 《Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics》2009

The fast neutron capture process (the r-process) occurs in the neutron-rich circumstance. However its concrete physical environment is not very clear. With recent progress in observations, many extremely metal-poor halo stars have been discovered. They have two characteristics: one is the overabundance of fast neutron elements with the relative abundance consistent with that of the sun; the other is that fast neutron element contents in stars at the same metal abundance have a very large dispersion. This provides a particular way to study the origin of the r-process. Simulation was used to study the galaxy's evolution process and the resulting dispersion of fast neutron nuclide contents in stars. The model of galaxy evolution obtained in this way not only contains spontaneous star formation in the gas region, but also includes the star formation excited by the supernova explosion. It is shown from our results that the supernovae at the low mass end should be the place producing the fast neutron nuclides. In addition, it is also shown that the non-uniformity of the galaxy evolution caused by the supernova explosion is not enough to explain the observed dispersion of fast neutron element contents in halo stars. This problem should be further studied.  相似文献   

A Study on the Light Curves of GRBs     

Chao SunQiong Liu  Zhu MaoPi-bo Yang 《Chinese Astronomy and Astrophysics》2009

It is generally believed that the complexity and variability of the light curves of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are caused by the internal shocks, which would occur when a rapid shell catches up a slower one and collides with it. The electrons in the shock layer are heated by the shocks and radiate via the mechanisms of synchrotron radiation and inverse Compton scattering. Based on relativistic kinematics, a relation between the photon number of the emission from the rapidly moving shock layer and the number of the photons received by an observer is derived. Then, employing the angular spreading of the internal shock emission, the curve equation and profile of a single pulse are obtained, and the shape is typically in the shape of a fast rise and exponential decline. Furthermore, by using the model of the successive collisions of multiple shells under the condition of reasonable parameters, the observed light curves are fitted with a rather good effect. Therefore, by this means, more different types of light curves of GRBs can be explained.  相似文献   

Physical modelling of sand injectites     

N. Rodrigues  P.R. Cobbold  H. Lseth 《Tectonophysics》2009,474(3-4):610-632

Sand injectites are structures that result from intrusion of fluidized sand into fractures. We have studied them in the Tampen Spur area of the North Sea, and have reproduced them experimentally, by driving compressed air through layers of sand, glass microspheres, and silica powder. The silica powder was cohesive and capable of hydraulic fracturing, whereas the sand and glass microspheres were almost non-cohesive and therefore able to fluidize. The models were dynamically similar to their natural counterparts, for as long as equilibrium was static. When the processes became dynamic, so that inertial forces were significant, the scaling was approximate and the corresponding Reynolds numbers differed. The experimental apparatus was a square box, 1 m × 1 m wide, resting on a grid of fluid diffusers. During the experiments, the fluid pressure increased, until it attained and surpassed the weight of overburden. Flat-lying hydraulic fractures, containing air, formed within cohesive and least permeable layers. Heterogeneities in material properties and layer thicknesses were responsible for localizing fracture networks. When any one network broke through to the surface, rapid flow of air through the fractures fluidized the underlying mobile materials and even depleted some of the layers. Some of the fluidized material extruded at the surface through vents, forming volcanoes and sheets. The remainder lodged at depth, forming sand injectites or laccoliths. Conical sand injectites formed preferentially, where layers had high resistance to bending. Laccoliths formed nearer the surface, where overlying layers had low resistance to bending. The experimental sand injectites were broadly similar to those in the Tampen Spur area of the North Sea, as well as other areas.  相似文献   

平潭竹屿湾水交换能力和溢油风险数值模拟          下载免费PDF全文

张振伟  刘必劲  曾银东  张世民 《应用海洋学学报》2021,40(2):303-311

应用非结构网格有限体积海洋模型对平潭竹屿湾水交换能力和溢油扩散开展了数值模拟。水交换能力计算表明,竹屿湾大部分水域水体半交换时间小于1.0 d,平均滞留时间约3.0 d左右,水体冲洗时间为15.0 d,水交换能力较强。48 h溢油扩散计算结果表明,油粒子扫海范围及运动路径与油粒子的释放时刻及风的作用紧密相关。静风条件下,溢油运动主要受当地潮流影响,呈南-北往复运动。不利风作用下,竹屿水道的溢油可以扩散至平潭坛南湾、平潭草屿岛、塘屿岛及高山湾等海域,最远可到南日岛西北海域。  相似文献   

江苏连续三次区域性浓雾形成过程的机理分析   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

濮梅娟  马明明  张雪蓉  王博妮  邵禹晨 《气象科学》2018,38(2):139-148

本文利用常规观气象测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及风廓线雷达资料和能见度自动观测资料等对2013年12月上旬江苏省连续三次区域性浓雾的特征和发生发展机理进行了详细分析,重点对锋面冷却雾的形成过程进行了研究。结果表明:三次浓雾过程都发生在有利的环流形势下,但成因却显著不同。辐射雾主要由夜间地面辐射冷却配合高湿静风形成,边界层低空急流有利于逆温的形成,为浓雾发展、维持提供条件;平流雾是由海上暖湿平流流经江苏冷的下垫面而形成,东南气流输送充足的水汽、加上稳定的逆温层是平流雾形成的必要条件;锋面雾由冷锋前部的冷平流冷却效应而形成,浓雾主要发生在锋前,但冷锋入侵后,前期充分的水汽积累和动力辐合使锋后能见度依然较低,浓雾继续存在。  相似文献   

模拟天然气水合物的岩石物理特性模型实验   总被引：13，自引：1，他引：13       下载免费PDF全文

赵群  郭建  郝守玲  耿建华 《地球物理学报》2005,48(3):649-655

针对水合物沉积的悬浮、颗粒接触和胶结三种微观模式,制作一组微弱胶结非固结高孔隙度人造样品和颗粒填充渐变的三维物理模型. 通过物理模型实验研究天然气水合物物性参数的敏感性. 实验结果表明：在弱颗粒间胶结物和低有效应力的固结差的沉积物中,声波对孔隙流体性质较敏感. 随着温度的降低颗粒胶结,改变原有沉积物的岩石物理特性,速度、弹性模量和频率升高,声波衰减和Vp/VS减小,沉积层内的反射波消隐.  相似文献   

Reflection of equatorial Kelvin waves at eastern ocean boundaries Part I: hypothetical boundaries     

J. Soares  I. Wainer  N. C. Wells 《Annales Geophysicae》1999,17(6):812-826

A baroclinic shallow-water model is developed to investigate the effect of the orientation of the eastern ocean boundary on the behavior of equatorial Kelvin waves. The model is formulated in a spherical polar coordinate system and includes dissipation and non-linear terms, effects which have not been previously included in analytical approaches to the problem. Both equatorial and middle latitude response are considered given the large latitudinal extent used in the model. Baroclinic equatorial Kelvin waves of intraseasonal, seasonal and annual periods are introduced into the domain as pulses of finite width. Their subsequent reflection, transmission and dissipation are investigated. It is found that dissipation is very important for the transmission of wave energy along the boundary and for reflections from the boundary. The dissipation was found to be dependent not only on the presence of the coastal Kelvin waves in the domain, but also on the period of these coastal waves. In particular the dissipation increases with wave period. It is also shown that the equatorial β-plane approximation can allow an anomalous generation of Rossby waves at higher latitudes. Nonlinearities generally have a small effect on the solutions, within the confines of this model.  相似文献   

STABILITY OF NIANCHU RIVER AFTER REGULATION BY STRAIGHTENING: A CASE STUDY FROM TIBET, CHINA     

LIU Xingnian  CAO Shuyou  KNIGHT Donald W  BAN Jiu 《国际泥沙研究》1999,(2)

IINTRODUCTIONTheNianchuRiverCatchmentisoneofthemaingrainproducingareasofTibet.TheengineeringregulationoftheriverisanimportantcomponentofstatekeyprojectofChina,"OneRiverandTwoTributariesProject"."OneRiver"herestandsfortheYarlungZhangboRiverandthe"TwoTributaries"aretheNianchuRiverandtheLasaRiverinCentral-SouthernTibet.InordertoimprovethewaterresourcesandtopreventfloodinginTibet,aseriesofhydropowerstations,irrigationdiversionprojects,floodcontrollevees,andreforestationprogramshaveb…  相似文献