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71.
Wind effects on sub-tidal currents are studied using current meter records obtained at six moorings across the main basin
of Puget Sound. High correlations between wind speeds and currents are found near the surface and at mid-depths of about 100
m. Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis applied to the axial currents in 1984 and 1985 shows that mode 1, containing over
60% of the variance, is highly correlated with wind speed even without any near surface current records. When near surface
stratification is strong, direct wind effects are limited to the upper 30 m with counter currents in the lower layer indicating
a baroclinic response. The transport in the lower layer almost balances the transport in the upper layer. When near surface
stratification is weak, direct wind effects on currents can be detected to about 100 m. In this case, there is no clear and
consistent depth at which one can separate the upper from the lower layer. Time series show that the acceleration in the surface
layer initially increases in the same direction as the wind when the wind starts blowing, but it reaches a maximum, starts
decreasing, and eventually changes to the opposite direction (decelerates) while the wind continues to blow in one direction.
Results of a continuously stratified normal mode model and estimations from the observations suggest that friction at solid
boundaries is a major cause of these phenomena. The model shows that modal currents of normal modes 2 and 3 are as important
as mode 1, although the resultant vertical structure of total current shows a two-layer type pattern with only one zero crossing.
The effect of the baroclinic pressure gradient is only apparent at low frequencies and among lower modes. 相似文献
72.
Demersal rockfish are the only fish species that have been found dead in significant numbers after major oil spills, but the link between oil exposure and effect has not been well established. After the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska, several species of rockfish (Sebastes spp.) from oiled and reference sites were analyzed for hydrocarbon metabolites in bile (1989-1991) and for microscopic lesions (1990 and 1991). Biliary hydrocarbons consistent with exposure to Exxon Valdez oil were elevated in 1989, but not in 1990 or 1991. Significant microscopic findings included pigmented macrophage aggregates and hepatic megalocytosis, fibrosis, and lipid accumulation. Site differences in microscopic findings were significant with respect to previous oil exposure in 1991 (P=0.038), but not in 1990. However, differences in microscopic findings were highly significant with respect to age and species in both years (P<0.001). We conclude that demersal rockfish were exposed to Exxon Valdez oil in 1989, but differences in microscopic changes in 1990 and 1991 were related more to age and species differences than to previous oil exposure. 相似文献
73.
74.
Restoration of oiled mussel beds in Prince William Sound, Alaska 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Natural loss of hydrocarbons was often low from mussel (Mytilus trossulus) beds (which were typically not cleaned after the Exxon Valdez oil spill), thus this habitat remained a long-term source of oil. Consequently, experimental restoration of nine contaminated beds was attempted in 1994; mussels were removed, contaminated surface sediment was replaced (33 metric tons), and original mussels were returned. Hydrocarbon concentrations and mussel populations were monitored for 5 years thereafter. Post-restoration mussel population fluctuations were indistinguishable from regional changes. Increased short-term oil loss was apparent, but long-term (5 year) improvement was equivocal and difficult to distinguish from natural losses. By 1999, oil concentrations in mussels were typically at baseline levels in restored and oiled reference beds; concentrations in replaced sediment were elevated in one third of restored beds, indicating recontamination from underlying or surrounding sediment. Our results suggest mussel relocation is feasible but suggest oil might more effectively be removed from sediment mechanically or chemically than manually. 相似文献
75.
The Three Results of Sound Velocity Variance in Sediments During Controlled Stress-strain Testing from the South China Sea 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sound velocity in each type of seafloor sediment from the South China Sea varies with the development of strain in the controlled stress-strain course. Experiments show that there may exist three cases for the maximum sound velocity: (1) it appears at the stress peak; (2) it appears in the phase of no load; and (3) it appears at the end of the strain course. These results are related to physical-mechanical properties and structure of sediments. 相似文献
76.
本文以海南洋浦港为例,利用2015—2019年大风资料,通过合成分析等方法深入探讨了不同类型大风过程的环流特征、发生机制及其预报指标。结果表明:(1)洋浦港大风过程按照影响系统可分为冷空气型、切变线型、热带气旋型和热低压型4种。(2)冷空气型大风主要是由强冷平流引发的;当925hPa关键区24h降温超过6℃且北风分量大于11.5m/s时,洋浦港6h后易发生冷空气型大风;切变线型大风主要产生于强对流引发的雷暴大风、飑线等;当925hPa低空切变线、500hPa南支槽等天气尺度系统出现有利配置,对流有效位能CAPE≥1500J·kg~(-1),且具有较合适的对流抑制能量CIN值时,易发生切变线型大风;热低压型大风与海陆热力差异引起的海风锋密切相关;当海南岛西北部陆地与近海海面的6h变温之差≥3.5℃,CAPE≥1500J·kg~(-1),CIN≤20J·kg~(-1)时,海风锋极易触发雷暴大风等强对流天气;热带气旋型大风主要发生在TC中心附近的等压线密集带以及外围螺旋雨带的中小尺度对流系统中。业务预报时可在数值预报基础上结合统计规律以及卫星、雷达等实况资料综合判定风力等级。 相似文献
77.
从设计思想、设计方法和设计步骤等方面介绍了国际航海协会制定的国际港口结构抗震设计标准。该设计标准全面引入了性态设计的思想,对不同港口结构在不同地基基础条件下的地震反应给予考虑。在应用上,该标准同时具有成熟性和灵活性,对于从事相关设计的人员是一种有益的参考。 相似文献
78.
Diane I. Doser 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2006,163(8):1461-1476
I have relocated 18 earthquakes occurring in the south-central Alaska region between 1899 and 1917 using a bootstrap relocation
technique. Locations of events within the Yakutat region suggest that the 1899 sequence began on 4 September with a MS = 7.9 event within the area of the Pamplona fault zone/western Transition fault zone, rupturing the western portion of the
North American/Pacific plate interface. A MS = 7.4 event on 10 September appears to have ruptured the offshore portion of the plate interface to the east of the 4 September
event. This was followed by a MS = 8.0 event that likely ruptured the onshore and down-dip portion of the plate interface. A MS = 7.0 event in 1908 may have ruptured a small portion of the plate interface between the 4 September and 10 September events.
Events occurring between 1911 and 1916 in the Prince William Sound region appear to be slab events occurring in similar locations
to more recent seismicity. Within the Kodiak region the 1900 earthquake of MS = 7.7 has a location consistent with the rupture of the Kodiak asperity which also ruptured during the 1964 great Alaska
earthquake. Other large magnitude Kodiak events appear to be associated with regions of recent seismicity, including the Karluk
Lake area of southwestern Kodiak Island and the Albatross Basin located offshore southeast of Kodiak Island. Space-time seismicity
patterns since 1899 indicate that magnitude 6 to7 events have occurred with regularity in the Kodiak Island region; that there
has been a lack of magnitude ≥ 6 events in the Prince William Sound region since 1964, and that the Yakutat region has remained
notably quiescent at the magnitude ≥ 6 level. 相似文献
79.
Benthic faunal structure and hydrocarbon concentrations in sediments were examined annually for 10 years (1989-1998) in Port Valdez, Alaska, where a near-bottom permitted discharge of treated tanker ballast waters containing residual petroleum has occurred since 1977. Measured concentrations of hydrocarbons in sediments near the discharge showed detectable increases in concentration, but on only one occasion were these increases either to levels exceeding ecotoxicological thresholds (Effects-Range Low, ER-L) or associated with alterations in the benthic community. Changes in faunal structure indicating disturbance were observed at one station near the discharge from 1995 to 1997 and were apparent as increased numbers of opportunistic taxa and anomalous trends in abundance and diversity. Minimum-effect (ME) hypotheses provided evidence of negligible to small effects on benthic infauna from disposal of treated ballast water. ME hypotheses have the potential to assist both researchers and managers by providing a tool to relate scientific results to ecological importance and decision criteria. 相似文献
80.
New multifold seismic-reflection and wide-angle reflection/refraction data across George VI Sound, Antarctic Peninsula, show the presence of graben and horst structures indicating an extensional origin. The data suggest that rocks of an accretionary complex and fore-arc basin underlie the Sound and are in faulted contact along its eastern boundary with volcanic and plutonic rocks of the associated Mesozoic arc of western Palmer Land. A cover of possible syn- and postglacial Cenozoic deposits drapes the structures. The combination of new seismic, synthetic-aperture radar and previously acquired data suggests subduction-related rifting in the Sound was segmented, with opening in the south predominately by normal extension whilst in the north, dextral transtension predominated. 相似文献