多晶冰蠕变机制的研究进展     

宋旼 《冰川冻土》2007,29(3):482-486

与绝大多数材料遵循基于位错攀移的指数蠕变机制不同,多晶冰遵循基于位错滑移的指数蠕变机制,这种机制引起了冰川学家极大的兴趣.以前人的研究为基础,综述了冰中质子无序及质子点缺陷的形成过程,质子点缺陷对位错滑移影响的微观机理,以及多晶冰蠕变的微观机制.研究表明:冰晶体中的氢原子(质子)无序使得位错在滑移过程中形成质子点缺陷(D、L、H₃O⁺和OH^-缺陷),从而降低了位错的滑移速率.质子点缺陷的形成需要氢原子(质子)跃迁,其激活能大于水分子自扩散所需的激活能.同时,多晶冰的蠕变激活能与质子跃迁的激活能相当,而大于水分子自扩散所需的激活能,因此多晶冰的蠕变控制机制是位错滑移,而不是位错攀移.  相似文献   

SiO₂ precipitation in olivine: ATEM investigation of two dunites annealed at 300 MPa in hydrous conditions     

Paul Raterron  Prame Chopra  Jean-Claude Doukhan 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2000,180(3-4):415-423

Two natural dunites were annealed at pressure P=300 MPa, temperature T=1373, 1473 and 1573 K, and fO₂ within the stability field of olivine. The starting materials contained small amounts of hydroxyls in the form of minor phases of hydrated minerals, which released an aqueous phase during the experiments. A detailed analytical transmission electron microscopy (ATEM) investigation of these materials revealed that small quantities of two types of silica-rich glass formed during heat treatment. The first type of glass, found at triple junctions as rare partially crystallized glass pockets, results from melting dehydration reactions involving the hydrous phases. The second type of glass is found as pure silica precipitates (0.1–0.5 μm in size, for a total of a few 0.1 vol%) within the olivine grains of specimens heated to ≥1473 K. From considerations of the kinetics of the precipitation at 1473 K, we interpret this silica precipitation as resulting from the condensation of olivine metallic vacancies promoted by increasing fluid fugacities during the runs. Our observations, thus, demonstrate that metastable silica can precipitate in olivine from dunites experiencing rapid changes in their thermodynamical environment.  相似文献   

论基桩完整性检测技术   总被引：11，自引：4，他引：7  

吴庆曾 《物探与化探》2000,24(4):284-295

阐述桩的分类,产生缺陷的多重因素及完整性检测的必要性。论述一维杆件中反射波理论依据。激振及接收传感器是检测技术的关键;说明了反射波信号的频率解释和瞬态机械阻抗法的一致性并均以工程实例加以佐证。文中还论述了声波透射法检测基桩完整性的理论及依据,检测的判据,还给出了检测实例。介绍最新声CT技术及检测成果。  相似文献   

Radiation-induced defects in quartz. II. Single-crystal W-band EPR study of a natural citrine quartz   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Yuanming Pan  Mark J. Nilges  Rudolf I. Mashkovtsev 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2008,35(7):387-397

Single-crystal electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of a natural citrine quartz without any artificial irradiation, measured at W-band frequencies (∼94 GHz) and temperatures of 77, 110 and 298 K, allow better characterization of three previously-reported Centers (#6, #7 and B) and discovery of three new defects (B′, C′ and G′). The W-band EPR spectra reveal that Centers #6 and #7 do not reside on twofold symmetry axes, contrary to results from a previous X-band EPR study. The W-band spectra also show that the previously reported Center B is a mixture of two defects (B and B′) with similar g matrices but different-sized ²⁷Al hyperfine structures. Center C′ has similar principal g values to the previously reported Center C but is distinct from the latter by a larger ²⁷Al hyperfine structure with splittings from 0.10 to 0.22 mT. Also, Center G′ has a similar g matrix to the previously reported Center G but a different ²⁷Al hyperfine structure with splittings from 0.41 to 0.53 mT. These spin-Hamiltonian parameters, together with observed thermal properties and microwave-power dependence, suggest that Centers #6 and #7 probably represent O₂³⁻ type defects. Centers B and B′ are probably superoxide radicals (O₂⁻) with the unpaired spin localized on the same pair of oxygen atoms around a missing Si atom but linked to a substitutional Al³⁺ ion each at different neighboring tetrahedral sites. Similarly, Centers G and G′ are most likely superoxide radicals with the unpaired spin localized on another pair of oxygen atoms around a missing Si atom and linked to a substitutional Al³⁺ ion each at different neighboring tetrahedral sites. Center C′ is probably an ozonide radical associated with a missing Si atom and linked to a substitutional Al³⁺ ion at the neighboring tetrahedral site. This study exemplifies the value of  high-frequency EPR for discrimination of  similar defect centers and determination of  small local structural distortions that are often difficult to resolve in conventional  X- and Q-band EPR studies.  相似文献   

Extrinsic and intrinsic mode of hydrogen occurrence in natural olivines: FTIR and TEM investigation     

N. R. Khisina  R. Wirth  M. Andrut  A. V. Ukhanov 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2001,28(5):291-301

Olivine crystals from two mantle nodules in kimberlites (pipe Udachnaya and pipe Obnazennaya, Yakutiya, Siberia) were investigated using EMP, TEM, AEM and FTIR techniques to determine the mode of hydrogen occurrence in olivine. Olivine contains three types of nanometer-sized inclusions: “large” inclusions of hexagonal-like shape up to several hundred nm in size (1), lamellar defects (2) and small inclusions of hexagon-like shape up to several 10?nm in size (3). Lamellar defects and small inclusions are considered to be a “hydrous” olivine. All three types of inclusions contain OH^? or water, but they are different with respect to their phase composition. In “large” inclusions (1) hydrous magnesium silicates, such as serpentine?+?talc (“kerolite”?) and 10-Å phase?+?talc were identified. Lamellar defects (2) and small inclusions (3) are depleted in Mg and Fe compared to the olivine matrix, while the silica content is the same as that of olivine. Modulations in the periodicity of the olivine structure are observed in SAED patterns and HREM images of (2) and (3). The superperiodicity can be referred to OH^?-bearing point defect ordering in the olivine structure. If this is the case, the material of both lamellar defects and small inclusions can be assumed to be a “hydrous olivine” Mg_{2– x} v _x SiO₄H_{2 x} with a cation-deficient olivine crystal structure. Thus, both an extrinsic mode of hydrogen occurrence in olivine, such as nanometer-sized inclusions of OH^?-bearing magnesium silicates, and an intrinsic mode of hydrogen incorporation into the olivine structure, such as “hydrous olivine” in itself, were found. The data obtained here show that the OH absorption bands observed in olivine spectra at 3704(3717) and 3683(3688) cm^?1 can be unambiguously identified with serpentine; the band at 3677(3676) cm^?1 can be associated with talc. The absorption bands observed at 3591 and 3660?cm^?1 in olivine match those of the 10-Å phase at 3594, 3662 and 3666?cm^?1.  相似文献   

Ionizing radiation-induced defects in smectite clays     

D. Gournis  A. E. Mantaka-Marketou  M. A. Karakassides  D. Petridis 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2001,28(4):285-290

 The interaction of γ-rays with smectites induces paramagnetic defects in the structure of these clay minerals. The EPR spectra of three different smectites detect the creation of structural defects and trapping of organic free radicals in the clay structure upon irradiation. The defects are assigned to positive holes or trapped electrons stabilised by existing local charge imbalances in the mineral lattice. The organic radicals are derived from organic compounds present as impurities in the crystal lattice of the clay minerals. In addition, γ-rays cause migration of small interlayer cations (such as Li⁺) into the layers, as clearly evidenced by EPR and FT-IR reflectance spectroscopies. Received: 20 April 2000 / Accepted: 2 December 2000  相似文献   

Hydrogen Incorporation in Crystalline Jadeite: Insight from First Principles Calculations     

ZHANG Xiaoling  FAN Xiaoyu  MENG Dawei  WU Xiuling  LIU Weiping 《《地质学报》英文版》2016,90(3):939-945

Hydrogen incorporation is critical for explaining defect energies, structure parameters and other physical characteristics of minerals and understanding mantle dynamics. This work analyzed the hydrogen complex defects in jadeite by the plane-wave pseudo-potential method based on density functional theory, and optimized the atomic positions and lattice constants in all configurations(different defective systems). Incorporation mechanisms considered for hydrogen(H) in jadeite include:(1) hydrogen incorporating with the O2 site oxygen and coexisting with M2 vacancy;(2) one H atom combined with an Al atom replacing Si in tetrahedron;(3) 4H atoms directly replacing Si in tetrahedron and(4) 3H atoms replacing Al on the M1 site. The four incorporation mechanisms mentioned above form the corresponding V_(Na)-H_i, Al_(Si)-H_i, V_(Si)-4H_i and V_(Al)-3H_i point defects. The molecular dynamics simulation to the ideal, V_(Na)-H_i, Al_(Si)-H_i, V_(Si)-4H_i and V_(Al)-3H_i point defects under the P-T conditions of 900 K, 2 GPa, the V_(Na)-H_i and Al_(Si)-H_i point defects under different pressures at T = 900 K, and Al_(Si)-H_i point defects under different temperatures at P = 3 GPa was performed to examine the preferential mode of hydrogen incorporation in jadeite by means of first-principles calculations. The calculations show that the averaged O–H bond-length in the hydrogen point defects system decreased in the order of Al_(Si)-H_i, V_(Na)-H_i, V_(Si)-4H_i and V_(Al)-3H_i. V_(Na)-H_i complex defects result in a contraction of the jadeite volume and the presence of Al_(Si)-H_i, V_(Si)-4H_i and V_(Al)-3H_i defects could increase the supercell volume, which is the most obvious in the V_(Al)-3H_i defects. The energy of formation of Al_(Si)-H_i and V_(Al)-3H_i complex defects was much lower than that of other defect systems. The V_(Al)-3H_i defects system has the lowest energy and the shortest O–H bond-length, suggesting that this system is the most favorable. The analytical results of vacancy formation energy, O–H bondlength, and the stability of the hydrogen defects in jadeite have suggested that the preferred hydration incorporation mode in jadeite is V_(Al)-3H_i complex defect.  相似文献   

Primordial black holes from monopoles connected by strings     

Tomohiro Matsuda   《Astroparticle Physics》2009,30(6):333-337

Primordial black holes (PBHs) are known to be produced from collapsing cosmic defects such as domain walls and strings. In this paper we show how PBHs are produced in monopole-string networks.  相似文献   

岩石颗粒边界缺陷分布的概率模型   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王庚荪  袁建新 《岩土力学》1995,16(1):26-34

本文应用概率理论，研究了颗粒结构材料初始边界缺陷的分布问题，提出了一个概率模型，认为材料中的初始边界缺陷不会全部都是孤立地分布，总会有二个、三个或更多个基本边界缺陷相连在一起组成缺陷族的情况，缺陷簇的个数的数学期望值相对于其尺度符合指数衰减强度，衰减指数与缺陷发生的概率及边界网络的相似维数有关。推导得出了颗粒结构材料的拉伸强度与试样尺度、颗粒尺度及缺陷发生概率之间的关系，从理论上论证了材料强度的尺  相似文献   

Point defects in crystalline zircon (zirconium silicate), ZrSiO<Subscript>4</Subscript>: electron paramagnetic resonance studies     

W. C.?TennantEmail author  R. F. C.?Claridge  C. J.?Walsby  N. S.?Lees 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2004,31(4):203-223

This article outlines the present state of knowledge of paramagnetic defects in crystalline zircon as obtained mainly, but not exclusively, from electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies in crystalline zircon (zirconium silicate, ZrSiO₄). The emphasis is on single-crystal studies where, in principle, unambiguous analysis is possible. Firstly, the crystallography of zircon is presented. Secondly, the relationships between available crystal-site symmetries and the symmetries of observed paramagnetic species in zircon, and how these observations lead to unambiguous assignments of point-group symmetries for particular paramagnetic species are detailed. Next, spin-Hamiltonian (SH) analysis is discussed with emphasis on the symmetry relationships that necessarily exist amongst the Laue classes of the crystal sites in zircon, the paramagnetic species occupying those sites and the SH itself. The final sections of the article then survey the results of EPR studies on zircon over the period 1960–2002.  相似文献