青岛地震台钻孔体应变异常变化因素分析     

贾媛  李杰  朱成林  徐清风  岳龙  郝军丽  公璐 《震灾防御技术》2020,15(1):224-233

分时段研究降雨、钻孔水位、工程施工等因素对青岛地震台体应变的影响，研究结果表明:钻孔水位反映区域地下水主要由降雨补给，降雨下渗改变地下水状态，并影响体应变观测；青岛体应变与钻孔水位的相关性及其周期特性均在2015年前后出现变化，可能与2015—2016年降雨偏少及工程施工有关；2018年1月17日台站钻孔施工很可能改变了体应变周围岩石孔隙环境，并扩大孔隙压力作用系数，可解释2018年3月以来水位小幅上升引起的体应变显著压性上升现象，受钻孔施工的影响，体应变与钻孔水位相关性的滞后特征明显减弱。  相似文献   

An Integrated Multi-Level Early Warning Method for Rainfall-Induced Shallow Landslides     

ZHAO Binbin  KONG Xiao''ang  OU Wenhao  LIU Yi  YANG Zhi 《中国地震研究》2020,34(1):136-156

Rainfall-induced landslides have occurred frequently in Southwestern China since the Wenchuan earthquake,resulting in massive loss of people''s life and property. Fortunately,landslide early-warning is one of the most important tools for landslide hazard prevention and mitigation. However, the accumulation of historical data of the landslides induced by rainfall is limited in many remote mountain areas and the stability of the slope is easily affected by human engineering activities and environmental changes, leading to difficulties to accurately realize early warning of landslide hazards by statistical methods. The proposed warning method is divided into rainfall warning component and deformation warning component because the deformation induced by rainfall has the characteristic of hysteretic nature. Rainfall, tilted angle and crack width are chosen as monitoring indexes. Rainfall grade level that contains rainfall intensity and duration information is graded according to the variation of the safety factor calculated by 3-D finite difference numerical simulation method, and then is applied using the strength reduction method and unascertained information theory to obtain the deformation grade level of several monitored points. Finally, based on the system reliability theory, we establish a comprehensive landslide warning level method that provides four early warning levels to reflect the safety factor reductions during and post rainfall events. The application of this method at a landslide site yield generally satisfactory results and provide a new method for performing multi-index and multi-level landslide early warnings.  相似文献   

Rainfall interception and splash detachment with a Brussels sprouts plant: A laboratory simulation     

Christine A. Noble  R. P. C. Morgan 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1983,8(6):569-577

Rates of splash detachment from a sandy soil of the Cottenham Series, subjected to a five-minute design storm of 50 mm/h with a kinetic energy of 127 J/m² and a median volume drop size of 3·2 mm supplied from a rotating-disc rainfall simulator, are determined without a plant cover and with the cover of a single Brussels sprouts plant. Measurements are made at regular intervals throughout the growing season. Plant canopies of 10 to 25 per cent result in reductions of 10 to 25 per cent in rainfall volume and 10 to 81 per cent in rainfall energy. The volume and energy of the rain beneath the plant are significantly (P < 0·05) correlated with its number of leaves (r = ?0·84 and ?0·92 respectively for n = 49). No reduction was observed in the rate of splash detachment which averages 1·2 kg/m² for the design storm with and without the plant. The detachment rate was found rather surprisingly to be inversely related to the energy of the rainfall under the plant and positively related to the number of leaves. As the number of leaves increases, so does the detachment rate per unit of rainfall energy.  相似文献   

Effects of time under rain,sampling technique and transport of samples on size distributions of water-stable aggregates     

J. L. Cleary  R. J. Loch  E. C. Thomas 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1987,12(3):311-318

Two methods for sampling aggregates in the soil surface under simulated rain were compared using two soil types. Results showed that aggregate size distributions obtained by spatula sampling were not significantly different from those obtained using rings buried in the soil surface, provided both were sampled to the same depth. The effect of transporting samples over a distance of 60 km was non-significant when samples were placed in bottles half-filled with rainwater and transported in an upright position. The per cent aggregates > 0.125 mm was found to be the most suitable index of aggregate stability for both soils.  相似文献   

江西德兴斑岩铜矿床扩散和渗滤作用理想模式分析     

唐元骏 《地球科学》1985,(2)

文章从介绍扩散和渗滤作用一般概念着手,根据德兴铜厂斑岩铜矿床之细矿脉形成过程中元素自矿脉向围岩发生迁移的这一事实,应用扩展的一维费克定律来模拟这一真实过程。并讨论了铜厂铜矿床形成过程中离子、络离子具线性等温线的纯扩散、纯渗滤和扩散与渗滤重叠情况,以及非线性等温线的纯扩散作用。  相似文献   

Estimation of flow enhancement in the Kinneret watershed due to cloud seeding   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

A. Ben-Zvi  M. Langerman 《Stochastic Hydrology and Hydraulics》1989,3(3):203-216

A comparison is carried out between historical records of the flow measured in Kinneret watershed during and prior to the time of cloud seeding for rainfall enhancement. Precipitation series for the control area of the meteorological experimentation serve as a reference for the comparison. The fluctuations of the flow, which would have occurred unless the effect of the seeding, are estimated by a linear regression on the precipitation as the control. The regression parameters are calibrated separately for the unseeded and for the seeded time series. The model with the parameters calibrated for the unseeded series is applied on the rainfall recorded during the seeded time, and vice versa. The difference between the measured and the computed data is attributed to the effect of cloud seeding. Similar comparisons are carried out with respect to rainfall series recorded at the target area and at the edge of the enhanced area.The results indicate that the flow from the affected sector of the watershed has been enhanced, with respect to the control, by 31×10⁶ m ³/year, at a significance level of 31. This enhancement is 5% of the volume which is generated in that area. The rates found with respect to the rainfall at the edge are higher than those found with respect to the control, while those with respect to the rainfall at the center of the target area are lower.  相似文献   

与地下水无直接水力联系的河水补给量计算     

华有秀 《华东地质学院学报》1989,12(1):56-65

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Interception,drop size distributions and rainfall kinetic energy in four colombian forest ecosystems   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

M. Vis 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1986,11(6):591-603

Interception losses, rain and throughfall drop size spectra and kinetic energy were studied in four relatively undisturbed tropical forest ecosystems along a transect across the Central Andean Cordillera of Colombia at altitudes between 3000 and 1000 m above sea level. Interception amounts ranged from 11 to more than 20 per cent of the total rainfall and fell within the normal range of interception figures observed in natural tropical forests. Drop size spectra were established using the filter paper method; the drop size distributions of the open field rainfall were unimodal while the throughfall had bimodal distributions, with a higher percentage of the volume of rain falling as large drops. Disturbance of the natural forests, for example by logging activities or cattle grazing, will further increase the throughfall kinetic energy and may lead to higher splash erosion rates inside the forests than in the open field. The kinetic energy of the throughfall was higher than that of the open field rainfall (20-70 per cent), even after correcting for interception losses (4-30 per cent). Splash-cup experiments, conducted both in the field and in the laboratory, indicated that the kinetic energy is a good index of rainfall erosivity. Inside the forests the amounts of sand splashed from the splash-cups was, after correction for interception losses, 2-16 per cent higher than outside the forests.  相似文献   

Rainfall,runoff and erosion on bare arable soils in east Shropshire,England     

Michael A. Fullen  Alan Harrison Reed 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1986,11(4):413-425

The magnitude, frequency, and duration of erosive rainfall on bare arable soils is investigated within an area of sandy soils in east Shropshire. Rainfall parameters are compared with runoff and erosion from ten 25 m² runoff plots, maintained in a bare condition on slopes of varying steepness. On rain-drop compacted (capped) soils measured erosion rates of ≦ 42.7t ha^?1 occur during individual storms. Erosion rates increase markedly with slope and on slopes > ? 13° are largely attributable to rill erosion. Prolonged duration, low intensity events cause relatively little erosion; most is accomplished by short duration, high intensity (> 10 mm h^?1) convective rainstorms. Comparison of measured erosion-producing events and long-term rainfall records indicate that potentially erosive storms are quite frequent, and are most likely to cause erosion in late spring/early summer.  相似文献   

降雨对滑坡的稳定性影响及排水措施建议     

童欣  方燃  李虹 《岩土工程技术》2021,(1)

以西南地区某滑坡为例,采用ABAQUS有限元软件,研究降雨入渗对含软弱夹层滑坡的稳定性影响。结合实际施工工序,模拟原始滑坡、有支护结构无降雨作用、有支护结构有降雨作用的滑坡变形特征,对比在不同雨水入渗强度下滑坡的稳定系数,综合评价降雨入渗的瞬态渗流作用对含软弱夹层滑坡稳定性的影响规律,并提出排水措施优化设计。  相似文献