新疆东准噶尔喀姆斯特晚古生代沉积记录:物源和沉积作用研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

张晓晖  李铁胜  胡能高  杨家喜  许安东 《地质科学》2002,37(1):13-26

东准噶尔喀姆斯特下泥盆统阿拉比也巴斯他乌组和下石炭统卡姆斯特组代表陆壳增生不同阶段的沉积响应.碎屑岩碎屑组成模式和地球化学分析结果表明阿拉比也巴斯他乌组形成于大洋-活动大陆过渡型构造环境,物源区主要为发育在过渡型地壳之上的岩浆岛弧;卡姆斯特组形成于活动大陆型构造环境,物源区主要为大陆岛弧环境的切割岩浆弧.沉积相、相组合及生物生态等沉积特征显示两组的沉积环境分别为海底斜坡和海底扇中扇-外扇盆地平原.结合区域构造分析和地层对比研究,下泥盆统阿拉比也巴斯他乌组海底斜坡沉积是东准噶尔构造带早泥盆世弧后盆地沉积响应的主要记录,卡姆斯特组海底扇-海底平原沉积则主要记录了东准噶尔复合地体早石炭世晚期弧间残余海盆的沉积响应.两套沉积响应记录的环境演化受控于中亚型造山带复杂的造山作用.  相似文献   

Entrainment of Glaciomarine Sediments and Formation of Thrust-Block Moraines at the Margin of Sørsdale Glacier,East Antarctica     

Sean J. Fitzsimons 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1997,22(2):175-187

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Development of push moraines in deeply frozen sediment adjacent to a cold-based glacier in the McMurdo Dry Valleys,Antarctica     

Sean Fitzsimons  Jamie Howarth 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(3):622-637

Previous studies of push moraines have concluded that structural architecture is controlled by a combination of stress exerted by flowing ice and the rheology of the deforming sediment. However, the relationship between deformation processes and the thermal/hydrologic conditions within the sediment remains ambiguous. Using a combination of surface mapping, logging exposures and ground penetrating radar we examine the relationships between surface morphology, material properties and development of deformation structures in deeply frozen sediment that has been deformed by Joyce Glacier, a cold-based glacier in the McMurdo Dry Valleys. The structural architecture of the push moraines is characterized by a combination of brittle and ductile deformation structures that have produced a structurally complex pattern of thrust faults, low angle listric thrusts and recumbent folds that extend 400 m beyond the glacier margin. Deformation is ductile where the ice concentration exceeds c. 65% volume and predominantly brittle where the ice concentration is less than c. 65%. The change in rheology reflects transition in behaviour from the material having a predominantly frictional character when the ice is limited to pore spaces to a non-frictional character in which strength is primarily determined by the cohesive strength of the ice. This work shows that glaciotectonic deformation can occur in deeply frozen permafrost where there is no liquid pore water. We conclude that the presence of liquid porewater is not a necessary condition for the development of glaciotectonic deformation or for the formation of push moraines. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Common origin for De Geer moraines of variable composition in Raudvassdalen,northern Norway     

Kevin P. Blake 《第四纪科学杂志》2000,15(6):633-644

The study of De Geer moraines in Raudvassdalen shows that most De Geer moraines are likely to have a common origin at the grounding line of glaciers despite variability in composition of the ridges. Pebble fabric, grain‐size analysis and structures within exposures of De Geer moraines in the Raudvassdalen area, with compositions ranging from mostly till to mostly sorted sediment, indicate that the ridges all formed at the grounding line of a tidewater glacier by common processes: deposition of sorted sediments beyond the grounding line followed by deformation of pre‐existing sediments and deposition of till as the glacier overrode the ridges. The compositional variation of the ridges is probably related to the position of the section studied relative to the location of the outlet of subglacial streams. Ridges composed entirely of till form at locations remote from the outlet of subglacial streams, and ridges with a component of sorted sediments form in closer proximity to these streams. This unifying theory of De Geer moraine formation, along with theoretical and geological evidence showing that there are limited physical conditions where basal crevasses can form, suggests that the number of De Geer moraines interpreted to have formed in basal crevasses is probably unrealistic. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Debris transport by Loch Lomond Readvance glaciers in Northern Scotland: Basin form and the within-valley asymmetry of lateral moraines     

Douglas I. Benn  D. I. Benn 《第四纪科学杂志》1989,4(3):243-254

Moraines in six cirques in Northern Scotland are shown to be asymmetrically developed, being larger below north- or east-facing valley sides. Moraine asymmetry is strongly correlated with the distribution of free faces in the valleys, a relationship that is interpreted as the result of variation in slope retreat rates. Analysis of clast form and roundness demonstrates that following initial release from bedrock, debris entered both passive high-level glacial transport and tractive transport at the ice-bed interface. The importance of glacier velocities and medial moraines on debris flux is discussed. Consideration is also given to the implications of process asymmetry to long term landform development.  相似文献   

Evidence for the silicate source of relict soils on the Edwards Plateau, central Texas     

M. Jennifer Cooke  Libby A. Stern  Jay L. Banner 《Quaternary Research》2007,67(2):275-285

Relict soils provide insights into Quaternary soil formation and erosion on the Edwards Plateau of central Texas and into soil-forming processes in karst terranes. Late Quaternary climate-driven soil erosion produced a mosaic of thick and thin soils on the Edwards Plateau landscape. Thick soils on uplands of the Edwards Plateau are interpreted to be relicts of a formerly more extensive soil cover that was eroded during the late Pleistocene to middle Holocene. The relict, thick soils are silicate-rich and most commonly overlie the relatively silicate-poor Cretaceous Edwards Limestone, which supports the idea that the thick soils did not form from weathering of the underlying limestone. Other potential sources of silicates for the relict soils include dust, alluvial sediments, and the Del Rio Clay, a stratigraphically higher but locally eroded clay-rich unit. Here we investigate the geographic distribution, texture, clay-sized mineralogy, rare earth element geochemistry, and neodymium isotope composition of the relict soils. We have found that the relict, thick soils are deeply weathered soils that occur dominantly over the Edwards Limestone and have a high clay content and a neodymium isotope composition that is similar to that of the Del Rio Clay. Thus, we propose that in situ weathering of the Del Rio Clay, along with partial weathering of the upper portion of the underlying Edwards Limestone produced thick chert- and clay-rich soils over resistant limestone. In areas like the Edwards Plateau, where pure limestones are interbedded with clay-rich strata, the overlying clay-rich strata must be considered as a possible silicate source to soils on pure limestone bedrock.  相似文献   

Late-Glacial History of Lago Argentino, Argentina, and Age of the Puerto Bandera Moraines   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Jorge A. Strelin  Eduardo C. Malagnino 《Quaternary Research》2000,54(3):339

In the west-central part of Lago Argentino, the Puerto Bandera moraines are clearly detached from longer, more prominent moraines of the last glaciation and from shorter and smaller Neoglacial moraines. Scientists have long speculated about the age of the Puerto Bandera moraines. Detailed geomorphologic studies in the western area of Lago Argentino, including stratigraphic profiles at Bahía del Quemado in the northern branch (Brazo Norte), indicate that the Puerto Bandera moraines were deposited by three pulses of ice. Each of the three pulses is represented by single moraine ridges and belts of tightly arranged ridges. The timing of the three glacier advances was established by radiocarbon dating, including data published by John Mercer. The oldest moraine system, formed during the Puerto Bandera I substade, was deposited ca. 13,000 ¹⁴C yr B.P. Moraines of the Puerto Bandera II substade were deposited ca. 11,000 ¹⁴C yr B.P. The youngest moraine system was deposited during a minor readvance, shortly before 10,390 C¹⁴ yr B.P., and thus appears to have occurred some time during the European Younger Dryas interval. After this third substade, the ice tongues retreated into the interior branches of Lago Argentino and have remained there since. Evidence found at Bahía del Quemado, together with data provided by other authors, attests to a significant climatic change by the middle Holocene, which we believe occurred during the Herminita advance, the first Holocene glacial readvance recognized within the area.  相似文献   

Bedform patterns, subglacial meltwater events, and Late Devensian ice sheet dynamics in north-central Ireland     

Jasper Knight   《Global and Planetary Change》2003,35(3-4):237-253

Glacial bedform patterns and sediments deposited by the temperate and polythermal Late Devensian ice sheet in north-central Ireland record changes in the processes, location, and magnitude of subglacial meltwater throughout the last full glacial cycle (21–14 ¹⁴C kyear BP). Meltwater characteristics are related directly to basal ice thermal regime and ice dynamics, including ice velocity and shifts in the location of ice centres. Therefore, reconstructed meltwater characteristics may provide insight into wider controls on dynamic ice behaviour. A range of meltwater-related features are present across north-central Ireland. These include tunnel valleys, drumlin leeside sequences, eskers, and boulder lags. Other bedforms including Rogen moraines were modified by meltwater activity along ice streams. Meltwater was stored subglacially in two contrasting regions located beneath or near ice centres in north-central Ireland. (1) The Lough Erne Basin is developed in a lowland depression occupied partly by subglacial Rogen moraine ridges which were formed around the time of the last glacial maximum. Meltwater was stored between Rogen ridge crests and released by hydraulic jacking associated with drumlinisation (16.6 ¹⁴C kyear BP) and ice streaming (13.8 ¹⁴C kyear BP). (2) The Lough Neagh Basin occupies a similar lowland depression and was the location of an ice sheet centre throughout the last glacial cycle. No bedforms are present beneath or immediately surrounding Lough Neagh. A larger, more continuous meltwater lake existed in the Lough Neagh depression, probably sealed by a region of cold-based ice outside lake margins. Water escaped through regional-scale tunnel valleys, particularly the Poyntzpass channel which was active during the Carlingford ice readvance (Killard Stadial, correlated with Heinrich event 1 at 14.5 ¹⁴C kyear BP). Overall, reconstructed subglacial lake characteristics and drainage mechanisms are related closely to basal ice thermal regime and substrate relief (controlling lake geometry), and provide insight into controls on overall ice sheet dynamics.  相似文献   

Supraglacial Debris Supply in the Cuerpo de Hombre paleoglacier (Spanish Central System): Reconstruction and Interpretation of a Rock Avalanche Event     

Rosa M. Carrasco  Javier Pedraza  David Domínguez‐Villar  Jane K. Willenbring  Javier Villa 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2013,95(3):211-226

During the deglaciation stages of the last glacial period a rock avalanche took place on the glacier that occupied the upper sector of the Cuerpo de Hombre Valley (Sierra de Béjar). The material displaced during the avalanche fell onto the ice, was transported by the glacier and later deposited as supraglacial ablation till. The cause of the avalanche was the decompression of the valley slopes after they were freed from the glacier ice (stress relaxation). Reconstruction of the ice masses has been carried out to quantify the stress relaxation that produced the collapse. The rock avalanche took place on a lithologically homogeneous slope with a dense fracture network. The avalanche left a 0.4 ha scar on the slope with a volume of displaced material of 623 ± 15 × 10³ m³. The deposit is an accumulation of large, angular, heterometric boulders (1–100 m³ in volume) with a coarse pebble‐size matrix. The avalanche can be explained as a relaxation process. This implies rock decompression once the glacier retreat left the wall ice free (debuttressing). Calculations show that the avalanche took place where the decompression stresses were highest (130–170 kPa). In the Spanish Central System paleoglaciers the largest accumulation of morainic deposits occurred after the glacial maximum and the earliest stages of the ice retreat. The process described here is used as an example to formulate a hypothesis that the largest accumulations of tills were formed in relation to enhanced slope dynamics once some glacier retreat had occurred.  相似文献   

Study of Holocene glacier degradation in central Asia by isotopic methods for long-term forecast of climate changes     

Vladimir I. Shatravin  Tamara V. Tuzova 《寒旱区科学》2013,5(1):0114-0125

This article presents a summary of our studies of Holocene moraines and glaciers of the Tien-Shan, Pamir, and Himalaya mountains with the purpose of providing pattern regularity of the Holocene glaciation decomposition. We developed a method for obtaining reliable radiocarbon dating of moraines with the use of autochthonous organic matter dispersed in fine-grained morainic material, as well there were shown new possibilities of isotope-oxygen and isotope-uranium analysis for the Holocene glaciations dynamics. We found that Holocene glaciations disintegrate stadially according to the decaying principle, and seven main stages may be distinguished. We achieved the absolute dating of the first three stages, identifying these periods as 8,000, 5,000, and 3,400 years ago. The application of the above-mentioned isotope methods of the Holocene glaciations and moraines study will allow researchers to improve the offered model of the Holocene glaciations disintegration; it will be great contribution to salvation of the problem of long-term climatic and glaciations forecast.  相似文献