Guidelines on the use of structure-from-motion photogrammetry in geomorphic research     

Mike R. James  Jim H. Chandler  Anette Eltner  Clive Fraser  Pauline E. Miller  Jon P. Mills  Tom Noble  Stuart Robson  Stuart N. Lane 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2019,44(10):2081-2084

As a topographic modelling technique, structure-from-motion (SfM) photogrammetry combines the utility of digital photogrammetry with a flexibility and ease of use derived from multi-view computer vision methods. In conjunction with the rapidly increasing availability of imagery, particularly from unmanned aerial vehicles, SfM photogrammetry represents a powerful tool for geomorphological research. However, to fully realize this potential, its application must be carefully underpinned by photogrammetric considerations, surveys should be reported in sufficient detail to be repeatable (if practical) and results appropriately assessed to understand fully the potential errors involved. To deliver these goals, robust survey and reporting must be supported through (i) using appropriate survey design, (ii) applying suitable statistics to identify systematic error (bias) and to estimate precision within results, and (iii) propagating uncertainty estimates into the final data products. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

地震活动性总体参量Rt在北京及邻区地震预测中的应用     

岳晓媛  武安绪  马梁 《地震地磁观测与研究》2019,40(6):28-34

采用地震活动性总体参量R_t方法,研究北京及邻区R_t值在中等地震前随时间的变化特征,分析跟踪地震发生前研究区域地震活动状态,探讨中等地震孕震过程的异常信息的变化特征。结果显示:当R_t值大于阈值0.84时,研究区域地震活动状态比较稳定,发生中等地震的可能性较小;反之,表明地震活动处于不稳定状态,具有发生中等地震的危险。检验R_t值的地震预测效能,预测效果比较理想,利用地震活动状态参量R_t研究北京及邻区地震活动状态,判定中等地震发生的风险性,具有一定预测意义。  相似文献   

建设韧性城乡的技术途径   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

郭迅  王波 《震灾防御技术》2019,14(1):52-59

中国地震多发、灾害严重,迫切需要提升抗震能力,实现韧性城乡的建设。本文围绕建设韧性城乡的技术途径,梳理了工程抗震技术发展的历史沿革,阐述了韧性城乡的提出背景。基于震害类比、实验验证和理论分析,总结提炼工程结构抗震能力“散”、“脆、”偏、“单”评估法,指出应以“整而不散”、“延而不脆”、“匀而不偏”、“冗而不单”的传统抗震技术及隔震与消能减震新技术作为实现韧性城乡的技术途径。  相似文献   

新疆及周缘构造破裂特征及地震序列类型   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

李莹甄  张博  殷娜  沈军  邵博 《地震工程学报》2016,38(1):36-45

横亘新疆境内的天山及其周边的西昆仑、阿尔金和阿尔泰是中国大陆著名的强构造运动区和地震活动带。在对新疆构造区应力环境、动力过程、断层运动变形特征和地震序列分析讨论的基础上,对新疆及其周缘主要构造区地震破裂方式和序列类型进行研究,得出如下结论:(1)西昆仑构造区受来自青藏块体和塔里木块体NS和NW向水平压应力和垂向力的作用,构造运动呈现出走滑与逆冲特征,震源破裂以走滑型为主,数量较少的逆断型地震主要分布在西昆仑帕米尔一侧的深震挤压区,正断型地震主要出现在西昆仑与阿尔金交汇的拉张盆地及附近。该区主余型地震占63%,6级以上地震序列也存在多震类型。(2)阿尔金断裂带位于西昆仑北缘断裂和北祁连断裂过渡带,受青藏块体向北和向西的推挤,断裂本身的左旋位移量通过两端逆冲挤压而转化,使得青藏高原北边界不断向外扩展。在此力源下,阿尔金断裂带震源破裂以走滑为主,也有少量的逆冲型地震。地震序列中主余型和孤立型地震占比相同(占44%)。(3)在印度板块和亚欧大陆碰撞效应影响下,天山地区产生近NNE向水平压应力,构造运动显现出带旋性特征的逆冲和走滑,震源破裂方式与之相吻合。而天山构造大跨度的空间展布、扩展形式的多样性和地震破裂的两重性,又影响到地震序列类型的多样性,使得主余型、孤立型和多震型地震在不同构造部位呈现优势分布。(4)阿尔泰的构造运动可能受到了来自印度板块与亚欧板块碰撞的远程效应和西伯利亚块体南向运动的双向影响,形成NNE和SW向水平挤压力,主要大型发震断裂做右旋剪扭错动,而一些深断裂则以逆冲运动为主。震源破裂呈现出走滑(占64%)和部分的逆冲(占27%),6级以上地震序列主要为主余型,5级左右地震则多为孤立型。  相似文献   

天津近海海底地质灾害类型及声学特征     

赵卫  熊元凯  宫少军  詹华明  乔吉果 《海洋科学》2021,45(2):119-126

作者利用浅地层剖面资料研究了天津近海海域存在的主要海底地质灾害。研究发现:浅层气、埋藏三角洲前缘、水下潮流沙脊、陡坎、沙波等地质灾害发育。浅层气主要分布在研究区北部海域的近岸附近,南部海域远离海岸浅层气逐渐增多;埋藏三角洲前缘分布区北至涧河口,南至南港工业区东部海域;水下沙脊分布于北部海域5 m~7 m水深的近岸带,地层内部前积斜层理发育;沙波区延伸长度约3 km,整体上在天津海域分布较少;海底表层陡坎出现在天津港及以南海域,其成因主要是航道两侧边缘陡坎或因吹填而抽走的泥沙造成的,近岸及远海地区均有分布。  相似文献   

西藏玛旁雍错和拉昂错水深、水质特征及现代沉积速率   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  

王君波  彭萍  马庆峰  朱立平 《湖泊科学》2013,25(4):609-616

基于2009年和2010年分别在玛旁雍错和拉昂错开展的2次野外湖泊调查,本文简要报道这2个藏南内流水系湖泊的水深分布、湖水理化特征及湖泊现代沉积速率.测深结果显示玛旁雍错湖盆形状规则,深水区坡度平缓,最大水深为72.6 m;拉昂错北部为较浅的河流冲积扇,通过狭长的水道与开阔的南部湖区相连,南部湖区中心平坦,实测最深处49.03 m;根据水深数据计算的玛旁雍错和拉昂错水量分别为1.462×10¹⁰m³和5.711×10⁹m³.玛旁雍错湖水剖面水质在垂直方向上呈现明显的分层结构,温跃层介于25~35 m之间,温度梯度为0.17℃/m,水体pH、电导率和溶解氧在温跃层具有同步变化特征;拉昂错湖水温跃层与玛旁雍错相比不明显,5~15 m间温度梯度为0.16℃/m,湖水pH与溶解氧呈反相变化,这可能与水生植物呼吸作用有关.2个湖泊湖水的主要离子组成特征除Ca²⁺外基本相同,拉昂错主要离子浓度约为玛旁雍错的3倍,而Ca²⁺则约为玛旁雍错的1/2;利用²¹⁰Pb和¹³⁷Cs方法对玛旁雍错和拉昂错的短岩芯进行了测试,结果表明2个湖泊近代沉积速率分别约为0.31 mm/a和0.65 mm/a.  相似文献   

Integrated geophysical surveys on railroads in permafrost areas     

A. Ivanov  S. Klepikov  M. Shirobokov  A. Urusov  A. Savin 《寒旱区科学》2013,5(5):0582-0586

The zones of thawed ground in the permafrost area are most dangerous from engineer-geologist effect point of view. Detection of such zones, as making forecast of their movement is the main task of engi...  相似文献   

中西太平洋金枪鱼围网高产渔区年间变化及其原因分析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

戴澍蔚  陈新军  张衡  周为峰  徐良琦  肖卫平 《海洋学报》2017,39(2):120-128

金枪鱼类是中西太平洋海域重要的经济鱼种,其中鲣产量约占到总产量的50%。本研究利用1995-2010年16年的中西太平洋（20°S~20°N,120°E~155°W）鲣围网生产统计数据和Niño3.4海区（5°S~5°N,120°~170°W）海表温度异常数据,对这16年鲣产量最高的十大渔区（5°×5°）进行时空格局分析,讨论渔场分布差异及CPUE与ENSO指数的关系。结果表明:16年间十大作业渔区主要分布在5°S~5°N、130°~175°E区域,这十大渔区产量占总产量的比重达47.5%,其中5°S~0°、155°~160°E,0°~5°N、130°~135°E,0°~5°N、135°~140°E及5°S~0°、160°~165°E等4个渔区产量占高产渔区产量的比重均超过10%,是中西太平洋重要的鲣产区。高产渔区的分布受海表温度影响较大,在厄尔尼诺时期,高产渔区分布明显偏东,主要分布在155°~180°E海域;在拉尼娜时期,高产渔区分布明显偏西,主要分布在130°~160°E海域。  相似文献   

Spatial and temporal variation in subtidal molluscan diversity amongst temperate estuarine habitats          下载免费PDF全文

Tom R. Davis  David Harasti  Brendan Kelaher  Stephen D. A. Smith 《Marine Ecology》2017,38(3)

Effective management of marine ecosystems is enhanced when detailed information on biodiversity is available. Key information to underpin management actions and conservation planning includes relationships between species assemblages and environmental gradients, and information on species distributions. We conducted a subtidal biodiversity assessment of surface‐dwelling subtidal molluscs in eight a priori defined habitat types using underwater visual censuses to quantitatively explore relationships between molluscan assemblages, and their correlation with benthic habitats and abiotic variables. In addition, variations in diversity were examined for two key habitat types (areas dominated by Dendronephthya australis and by filter feeders) over a period of 15 months to examine temporal change. We found that molluscs form distinct assemblages within subtidal habitats, but that assemblages within key habitats show inherent temporal variability. Regional (gamma) diversity of molluscs was found to result from a combination of: (i) within habitat alpha diversity, which increased with habitat complexity; (ii) between habitat beta diversity, with significant differences in molluscan assemblages amongst habitats with differing benthic growth, substrate type, and depth; and (iii) temporal beta diversity, with significant changes detected in molluscan assemblages over time. The results demonstrate how habitats and abiotic variables (principally depth and substrate type) combine to contribute to molluscan biodiversity in temperate estuaries, and illustrate the value of these factors as surrogates for surface‐dwelling subtidal molluscs in conservation planning.  相似文献   

Long-term trends in cetacean occurrence during the annual sardine run off the Wild Coast,South Africa     

M Caputo  PW Froneman  D du Preez  G Thompson  S Plön 《African Journal of Marine Science》2017,39(1):83-94

During the austral winter, cetaceans and other apex predators follow the annual northeastward movement of shoaling sardines, known as the sardine run, along the southeast coast of South Africa, including a 400-km stretch called the Wild Coast. In total, 131 opportunistic aerial surveys were conducted between May and July, from 1996 to 2014, to monitor sardine movement. Cetacean-sighting data from these surveys were analysed, focusing on long-term trends in frequencies of the cetaceans. In total, 630 sightings involving five cetacean species were recorded: 268 (approximately 32 400 individuals) of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin Tursiops aduncus, 108 (approximately 79 400 individuals) of long-beaked common dolphin Delphinus capensis, 242 (approximately 670 individuals) of humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae, 1 (two individuals) of southern right whale Eubalaena australis, and 11 (16 individuals) of Bryde’s whale Balaenoptera edeni. The occurrence of common dolphins, typically associated with sardines, decreased significantly in average group size over the study period (p = 0.0343); bottlenose dolphins, considered generalist feeders, demonstrated no such trend (p = 0.916). Humpback whales were most frequently sighted between 2010 and 2014, and with significantly larger groups observed towards the end of the study period (p = 0.0121). For all these species, more sightings were made inside than outside of marine protected areas (>70% of the dolphin species, and >65% of the humpback whales), both pre- and post-2005 (from 2005 the size of the survey area increased). The results indicate that movements of the common dolphin may be employed as a proxy for sardine occurrence. Long-term trends evident in the data also demonstrate the importance of this coastal region for bottlenose dolphins as well as use as a migratory corridor for humpback whales.  相似文献