Bulk sampling of coarse clastic sediments for particle-size analysis     

Stephen J. Gale  Peter G. Hoare 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1992,17(7):729-733

A guide is provided to the minimum sample masses required to obtain reproducible measures of the particle-size distributions of coarse sediments. This is based on studies of the actual particle-size distributions of a range of clastic deposits. Procedures are given to enable representative bulk samples of tills, fluvial gravels and beach gravels to be taken.  相似文献   

方格法采样在金矿床和铅锌多金属矿床中的应用     

徐邦金 《湖南地质》1992,11(3):239-243

在地质普查勘探工作中,合理地选择采样方法,能提高地质找矿效果,加快找矿进程。通常应用的采样方法是刻槽法,笔者结合已勘探的金矿床、铅锌多金属矿床的实际情况,在不同矿区中进行了不同采样方法研究试验,试验结果证明l0×10cm规格的方格法是一种应用广泛,代表性强,效益好的采样方法。  相似文献   

莱州湾西部地区环境条件的联合概率分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

孟祥东 《海岸工程》1997,16(1):18-24

在海洋环境条件联合概率分析理论的基础上，对莱州湾西部海的羊角沟地区进行了综合环境条件的联合概率分析，以模拟技术中的重点抽样法为理论根据峄该地区为水位ζ、风速Ｕ及波高Ｈ的三维随机变量作了统计分析，得出了多年一遇的各环境条件联合出现的数值，模拟结果令人满意。  相似文献   

一个标量场的客观分析方法和资料点空间结构的设计     

杨世莹  白珊 《海洋预报》1995,12(4):18-25

这是一个根据Ｇａｕｓｓ－Ｍａｒｋｏｖ原理建立的标量场客观分析方法，并在资料的模拟中得到了应用。在这个方法的推导过程中还给出了计算ｒ．ｍ．ｓ误差的公式。通过试错调整格点的空间结构，可以设计出有效的空间取样阵列。本文使用这个方法对温度场、气压场和高度场分别进行了分析．试验结果表明这个方法简单、方便，分析结果令人满意。  相似文献   

Wave-height distributions and nonlinear effects   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

M. Aziz Tayfun  Francesco Fedele 《Ocean Engineering》2007,34(11-12):1631-1649

Theoretical distributions proposed for describing the crest-to-trough heights of linear waves are reviewed briefly. To explore the effects of nonlinearities, these are generalized to second-order waves, utilizing quasi-deterministic results on the expected shape of large waves. The efficacy of Gram–Charlier models in describing the effects of third-order nonlinearities on the distributions of wave heights, crests and troughs are examined in detail. All models and a fifth-order Stokes–Rayleigh type model recently proposed are compared with linear and nonlinear waves simulated from the JONSWAP spectrum representative of long-crested extreme seas, and also with oceanic data gathered in the North Sea. Uncertainties arising from the variability of probability estimates derived from sample populations of limited size are considered. Ultimately, the comparisons show that nonlinearities do not have any discernable effect on the crest-to-trough heights of oceanic waves. Most of the linear models considered yield similar and reasonable predictions of the observed data trends. Gram–Charlier type distributions seem neither effective nor particularly useful in describing the statistics of large wave heights or crests under oceanic conditions. However, they do surprisingly well in predicting unusually large wave heights and crests observed in some 2D wave-flume experiments and 3D numerical simulations of long-crested narrow-band random waves.  相似文献   

基于空间抽样的农作物面积遥感测量   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

徐迪峰  徐锐 《北京测绘》2009,(4):40-42,55

传统的农作物面积统计通常采用人工统计的方法,费时费力,并且精确度不高,实时性不强。为了快速、准确地获取农作物面积,本文根据实际业务需求,充分利用遥感技术,同时结合地理信息技术,与基于PPS二阶空间抽样主法提出了一套切实可行的农作物面积遥感测量方法和流程。  相似文献   

A simple and direct method to analyse the influences of sampling fractions on modelling intra-city human mobility     

Jincheng Jiang  Qingquan Li  Wei Tu  Shih-Lung Shaw 《International journal of geographical information science》2019,33(3):618-644

Sampling fraction is crucial to sampling-related studies and applications, especially in the big data era when most data are neither originally designed nor controllable in the data collection process. A common concern among researchers is ‘what’s the modelling accuracy when using a sample?’. Taking intra-city human mobility as the study objective, this study utilizes a simple and direct method to analyse the influences of various sampling fractions on modelling accuracy. Five common intra-city human mobility indicators (travel distance, travel time, travel frequency, radius of gyration and movement entropy) are evaluated considering mean value, median and probability distribution. Experimental results demonstrate that the representativeness of each considered indicator converges to 1 in its own unique rate and variances. The minimum required sampling fractions to satisfy specific accuracies differ for various indicators and evaluation measures. To further investigate how related factors influence the modelling accuracy of sampling fractions, additional experiments are conducted considering multiple sampling methods, study scopes, and data sources. Several interesting general findings are observed. This study provides a reference for other sampling-based applications.  相似文献   

Performance comparison of two biotic indices measuring the ecological status of water bodies in the Southern Baltic and Gulf of Lions   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Fleischer D  Grémare A  Labrune C  Rumohr H  Berghe EV  Zettler ML 《Marine pollution bulletin》2007,54(10):1598-1606

Two biotic indices, ATZI Marine Biotic Index (AMBI) and Benthic Quality Index (BQI) have been recently introduced within the EC Water Framework Directive to assess the quality of marine habitats: both are based on sensitivity/tolerance classification and quantitative information on the composition of soft-bottom macrofauna. Their performance, especially with regard to sampling effort was assessed based on two data sets collected in Southern Baltic and one from the Gulf of Lions Mediterranean. AMBI was not affected by sampling effort but BQI was. Two modifications were proposed for BQI (i.e., BQI) (1) the removal of the scaling term (i.e., BQI(W)), and (2) the replacement of the scaling term by different scaling term (i.e., BQI(ES)). Both modified BQIs were largely independent of sampling effort. Variability was slightly lower for BQI(W) than for BQI(ES). BQI was highly correlated with BQI(W) and with BQI(ES) both in the Southern Baltic and in the Gulf of Lions. However, the proportions of stations, which were not attributed the same ecological quality status (EcoQ) when using BQI and its two modified forms were always high. Differences in ecological classification were mostly due to the scales used to infer EcoQ. Based on this study we recommend to use BQI(ES) in future studies because it apparently constitutes the best compromise in (1) being independent of sampling effort, (2) limiting the variability in computation in relation with sampling effort, (3) being correlated with BQI and corresponding EcoQ.  相似文献   

Scales of heterogeneity of water quality in rivers: Insights from high resolution maps based on integrated geospatial, sensor and ROV technologies     

Andrew F. Casper  Barnali DixonEric T. Steimle  Mike L. HallRobyn N. Conmy 《Applied geography (Sevenoaks, England)》2012,32(2):455-464

While the spatial heterogeneity of many aquatic ecosystems is acknowledged, rivers are often mistakenly described as homogenous and well-mixed. The collection and visualization of attributes like water quality is key to our perception and management of these ecosystems. The assumption of homogeneity can lead to the conclusion that data collection from discrete, discontinuous points in space or time provide a comprehensive estimate of condition. To counter this perception, we combined high-density data collection with spatial interpolation techniques to created two-dimensional maps of water quality. Maps of four riverine transitions and habitats - wetland to urban, river to reservoir, river to estuary and a groundwater intrusion - were constructed from the continuous data. The examples provided show that the most basic water quality parameters - temperature, conductivity, salinity, turbidity, and chlorophyll florescence - are heterogeneous at spatial scales smaller than those captured by common point sampling statistical strategies. The 2-dimensional, interpolation-based maps of the Hillsborough River (Tampa, FL) show significant influences of a variety of geographic features including tributary confluences, submarine groundwater inflow, and riparian interfaces. We conclude that many sampling strategies do not account for the type of patchy heterogeneity observed. The integration of existing in-situ sensors, inexpensive autonomous sampling platforms, and geospatial mapping techniques provides high resolution visualization that can adds a more comprehensive geographic perspective needed for environmental monitoring and assessment programs.  相似文献   

评估集合卡曼滤波反演土壤湿度廓线的性能     

苟浩锋  刘彦华  张述文  李得勤 《地球科学进展》2010,25(4):400-407

集合卡曼滤波由于易于使用而被广泛地应用到陆面数据同化研究中,它是建立在模型为线性、误差为正态分布的假设上,而实际土壤湿度方程是高度非线性的,并且当土壤过干或过湿时会发生样本偏斜.为了全面评估它在同化表层土壤湿度观测来反演土壤湿度廓线的性能,特引入不需要上述假设的采样重要性重采样粒子滤波,比较非线性和偏斜性对同化算法的影响.结果显示:不管是小样本还是大样本,集合卡曼滤波都能快速、准确地逼近样本均值,而粒子滤波只有在大样本时才能缓慢地趋近;此外,集合卡曼滤波的粒子边缘概率密度及其偏度和峰度与粒子滤波完全不同,前者粒子虽不完全满足正态分布,但始终为单峰状态,而后者粒子随同化推进经历了单峰到双峰再到单峰的变化.  相似文献