积雪季节变化特征的数值模拟及其敏感性试验   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

陈海山  孙照渤 《气象学报》2004,62(3):269-284

文中利用综合陆面模式 (ComprehensiveLandSurfaceModel,CLSM )对法国ColdePorte 1 993/ 1 994 ,1 994 / 1 995年及BOREASSSA OJP 1 994 / 1 995年积雪个例进行了模拟试验 ,通过模拟结果与观测资料的对比 ,检验了CLSM对积雪变化特征的模拟能力 ,并通过敏感性试验探讨了降雪密度、积雪持水量等积雪参数化方案及植被对积雪模拟可能产生的影响。结果表明 :(1 )CLSM能够准确地模拟出积雪的变化过程 ,对积雪的演变特征作出了合理的描述 ;(2 )降雪密度、积雪持水量参数化方案对积雪模拟结果均具有一定的影响 :降雪密度参数化主要对积雪深度的模拟产生影响 ;而积雪持水量参数化方案对积雪的演变过程 ,尤其是积雪的消融 ,具有重要的作用 ;(3)有、无植被存在的情况下 ,积雪 土壤系统的变化过程存在显著的差别 ,植被通过改变积雪 /土壤表面的能量平衡 ,对积雪及土壤的变化过程产生重要影响 :植被的存在有利于积雪的维持 ,使得积雪融化进程推迟 ,冻结土壤的增温明显偏慢  相似文献   

岩石质量指标(RQD)的各向异性分析   总被引：9，自引：1，他引：9  

杜时贵  王思敬 《工程地质学报》1996,4(4):48-54

各向异性是工程岩体的重要工程特性, 岩石质量指标RQD具明显的各向异性。本文运用结构面网络模拟技术, 通过结构面间距、倾角、相对夹角以及结构面组数的敏感性分析, 探讨了RQD的各向异性规律。结合实际工程应用, 提出正确引用RQD指标的建议。  相似文献   

渗透率场敏感系数的数值计算   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

刘福平  杨长春 《地球物理学报》2003,46(1):131-137

由渗流微分方程定解问题，利用格林互易定理从理论上导出了渗透率场敏感系数 的计算公式，并借助于数值积分和差分方法给出了渗透率场敏感系数的离散形式. 由Peacem an方程建立了井压渗透率场敏感系数与网格压力渗透率场敏感系数的关系. 对理论模型利用 三维不均匀非稳定渗流场的压强数值解计算了井压对渗透率场的敏感系数，并用敏感系数的 直接计算方法进行了验证，结果表明本文的计算方法与直接计算方法相吻合.  相似文献   

Sensitivity analysis of a no-crossflow model for the transient flowmeter test     

Z. J. Kabala  H. K. El-Sayegh  H. P. Gavin 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2002,16(6):399-424

 Logarithmic sensitivities and plausible relative errors are studied in a simple no-crossflow model of a transient flowmeter test (TFMT). This model is identical to the model of a constant-rate pumping test conducted on a fully penetrating well with wellbore storage, surrounded by a thick skin zone, and situated in a homogeneous confined aquifer. The sensitivities of wellbore drawdown and wellface flowrate to aquifer and skin parameters are independent of the pumping rate. However, the plausible relative errors in the aquifer and skin parameters estimated from drawdown and wellface flowrate data can be proportionally decreased by increasing the pumping rate. The plausible relative errors vary by many orders of magnitude from the beginning of the TFMT. The practically important flowrate and drawdown measurements in this test, for which the plausible relative errors vary by less than one order of magnitude from the minimum plausible relative errors, can begin approximately when the dimensionless wellface flowrate exceeds q _D =q/Q≈0.4. During most of this stage of the test, the plausible relative errors in aquifer hydraulic conductivity (K _a ) are generally an order of magnitude smaller than those in aquifer specific storativity. The plausible relative errors in the skin hydraulic conductivity (K _s ) are generally larger than the plausible relative errors in the aquifer specific storativity when the thick skin is normal (K _s >K _a ) and smaller when the thick skin is damaged (K _s <K _a ). The specific storativity of the skin zone would be so biased that one should not even attempt to estimate it from the TFMT. We acknowledge Wiebe H. van der Molen for recommending the De Hoog algorithm and sharing his code. This research was partially supported by the US Geological Survey, USGS Agreement #1434-HQ-96-GR-02689 and North Carolina Water Resources Research Institute, WRRI Project #70165.  相似文献   

9000 years of chironomid assemblage dynamics in an Alpine lake: long-term trends, sensitivity to disturbance, and resilience of the fauna   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Oliver Heiri  André F. Lotter 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2003,30(3):273-289

Subfossil chironomid analysis was applied to a sediment core from Sägistalsee, a small lake at present-day tree-line elevation in the Swiss Alps. During the whole 9000-year stratigraphy the chironomid fauna was dominated by taxa typical of alpine lakes. Major faunistic trends were caused by changes in accumulation rates of three taxa, namely Procladius, Stictochironomus, and Tanytarsus lugens-type. In the early Holocene Procladius was the dominant taxon. In younger samples, Stictochironomus tended to have as high or higher abundances and both taxa showed an increase in accumulation rates. A possible cause of this succession is the decrease of lake-water depth due to infilling of the lake basin and changes in associated limnological parameters. The immigration of Picea (spruce) at ca. 6500 cal. ¹⁴C yrs BP and the resulting denser woodlands in the lake's catchment may have promoted this trend. During three phases, from ca. 70–1450, 1900–2350, and 3500–3950 cal. BP, remains of Procladius, Stictochironomus, and Tanytarsus lugens-type are absent from the lake sediment, whereas other typical lake taxa and stream chironomids show no change in accumulation rate. Together with sediment chemistry data, this suggests that increased oxygen deficits in the lake's bottom water during these intervals caused the elimination of chironomids living in the deepest part of the lake. All three periods coincide with increased human activity in the catchment, as deduced from palaeobotanical evidence. Therefore, enhanced nutrient loading of the lake due to the presence of humans and their livestock in the catchment is the most likely cause of the increased anoxia. The chironomid fauna reacted the same way to intensive pasturing during the last ca. 1500 years as to Bronze Age clear-cutting and more moderate pasturing during the Bronze, Iron, and Roman Ages, suggesting that alpine lake ecosystems can be extremely sensitive to human activity in the catchment. On the other hand, the chironomid assemblages show a considerable amount of resilience to human disturbance, as the chironomid fauna reverted to the pre-impact stage after the first two periods of human activity. In recent years, even though pasturing decreased again, the chironomid fauna has only partly recovered. This is possibly due to other human-induced changes in the lake ecosystem, e.g., the stocking of the lake with fish. The chironomid stratigraphy is difficult to interpret climatologically as the strongest changes in chironomid-inferred temperatures coincide with periods of intensive human activity in the catchment.  相似文献   

GPS sensitivity analysis applied to non-permanent deformation control networks   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

B. Betti  L. Biagi  M. Crespi  F. Riguzzi 《Journal of Geodesy》1999,73(3):158-167

This paper illustrates the surveys and the results obtained in an experiment whose goal is to evaluate the Global Positioning System (GPS) sensitivity and accuracy for deformation control on non-permanent network of different extensions. To this aim a high-precision device was properly built to set up known displacements along three orthogonal axes of a GPS antenna. One of the antennas in the considered GPS networks was moved according to centimeter and sub-centimeter displacements; after careful GPS data processing, it was evaluated whether these simulated deformations were correctly a posteriori detected and at which probability level. This experiment was carried out both on a local (baselines ranging between 3 and 30 km) and on a regional (baselines ranging between 300 and 600 km) GPS network. The results show that in the local network it is possible to identify the displacements at a level of 10 mm in height and at a level of 5 mm in horizontal position. The analysis of the regional network showed that it is fundamental to investigate new strategies to model the troposphere; in fact, it is necessary to improve the precision of the height in order to correctly identify displacements lower than 60–80 mm; on the contrary, horizontal displacements can be evidenced at the level of 20 mm. Received: 27 April 1998 / Accepted: 14 December 1998  相似文献   

Generalised relative and cumulative response functions for electromagnetic induction conductivity meters operating at low induction numbers          下载免费PDF全文

Fernando César Moura de Andrade  Tomáš Fischer 《Geophysical Prospecting》2018,66(3):595-602

Relative and cumulative analytical response functions have been widely used as a powerful tool for forward modelling and interpretation of measurements obtained by electromagnetic induction conductivity meters operating at low induction numbers for one‐dimensional layered earth models. These well‐known functions were derived and should be used for the instruments laid on the surface of the earth. In this paper, we extended the response functions and obtained new generalised analytical expressions, which can be used for instruments carried at any height from the surface. The proposed new equations were compared with numerically constructed functions, obtained using the full solution of Maxwell's equations, and proved to be in very good agreement at low induction numbers. Quantitative analyses of the behaviour of the relative response and the depth of investigation of electromagnetic induction instruments, when raised from the ground, could also be done using the generalised functions.  相似文献   

力平衡反馈技术在石英水平摆倾斜仪中的应用研究          下载免费PDF全文

李际弘  高尚华  薛兵 《地球物理学报》2018,61(11):4486-4492

石英水平摆倾斜仪在前兆地震观测中得到了广泛的应用,取得了较好的观测数据,但是仍然存在一些不足,如灵敏度未知、频率特性不理想等.为解决这些问题,本文提出一种基于力平衡反馈技术的石英水平摆倾斜仪设计方法.该方法通过差动式电容换能器检测摆锤的位置信息,将其转换成电信号输出;同时通过电子线路将输出电压信号处理后反馈给摆锤,该反馈电压在摆锤上产生一静电力.根据该设计方法,我们研制了原理样机并进行了测试,结果表明,样机的灵敏度为16801V/（m·s^-2）,样机的幅度响应在从DC到5s都是平坦的.  相似文献   

Evaluation of the wave transformation in an open bay with two spectral models   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Eugen Rusu 《Ocean Engineering》2011,38(16):1763-1781

An evaluation of two state of the art phase averaged wave models for the transformation scale, SWAN and STWAVE, is carried out in the present work. The target area is the Obidos Bay located in the central part of the Portuguese continental nearshore. The wave input for the two models is provided by an offshore buoy. In order to compare the nearshore outputs of the wave models against in-situ measurements, a directional buoy and an ADCP, operating in intermediate water depth, are used. The wave parameters considered for comparisons are significant wave height, peak period and wave direction. Sensitivity analyses studies and evaluations in the spectral and geographical spaces concerning the results of the two models are also carried out in both intermediate and shallow water. The present study provides some information on the performances of the two wave models in different forcing conditions as well as on their sensitivity in relationship with various input parameters and some physical processes. STWAVE appears to be faster and more robust than SWAN, which on the other hand has more options and flexibility. In statistical terms the results are comparable.  相似文献   

Numerical tools for geoscience computations: Semiautomatic differentiation—SD     

Abdulwahab A. Abokhodair 《Computational Geosciences》2007,11(4):283-296

This paper presents a differentiation method [referred to here as semiautomatic differentiation (SD)] based on generalization and extension of the Squire and Trapp formula for complex differentiation of real-valued functions. The performance of the generalized formulas for first-order derivatives is tested and compared with manual, automatic (AD), and finite difference (FD) techniques. My results show that, in terms of accuracy, the SD technique is competitive with AD, and in terms of implementation simplicity, it is identical to the FD method with the added advantage of being step-size insensitive and, hence, free from the step-size dilemma that plagues FD. Using central differencing in the complex plane, I extend the SD method to second-order derivatives, thus enabling approximation of the Hessians. Performance of the extension formulas is evaluated and compared with AD and FD methods. The results indicate that the differencing operation reduces the accuracy of the extension formulas by four to five orders of magnitude below that of the original Squire and Trapp formula. Nonetheless, compared to FD schemes, the SD method is six to seven orders of magnitude more accurate in all tests conducted. In addition, the extension formulas exhibit step-size (h) insensitive behavior over the entire h-range of the tests (1–10⁻³⁰), indicating high numerical stability of the schemes. I show by examples that SD provides a complete differentiation system that is computationally stable, efficient, highly accurate, and easy to implement.  相似文献