A swamp and its subjects: conservation politics, surveillance and resistance in Trinidad, the West Indies     

Bjørn Ingmunn Sletto 《Geoforum》2005,36(1):77-93

Once overlooked or scorned for its purportedly “unscientific” and culturally contextual nature, local knowledge has recently become a key ingredient in conservation and development planning in developing countries. However, this abrupt shift in the conceptualization and assumed utility of local knowledge has not received widespread theoretical attention. In addition, the literature on local knowledge is dominated by discussions of the scientific and applied merits of local epistemologies, and little theorization has been devoted to the explicitly spatial and social contexts that inform the encounters between local and scientific knowledge. This article draws on Michel Foucault's notions of subjectification, surveillance, and subjugated knowledge to analyze the liberatory potential of local knowledge through its embodiment in spatially situated subjects. The article builds on a case study in Trinidad, focusing on the subjectification of local fishermen through constructions of local knowledge, and the ways in which this subjectification was reversed and employed in the performance of resistance and intracommunal conflicts.  相似文献   

马陵山申报地质公园的可行性研究     

丁立清 《江苏地质》2005,29(2):120-122

通过对江苏新沂市马陵山公园地质资源、旅游资源特征的分类，结合国家地质公园标准，对马陵山地质公园资源价值进行了科学评价，提出了开发与保护的建议。  相似文献   

Out of administrative control: Absentee owners, resident elk and the shifting nature of wildlife management in southwestern Montana   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Julia Hobson Haggerty  William R. Travis 《Geoforum》2006,37(5):816-830

This paper describes the historical roots of an ongoing wildlife management dilemma involving decreasing opportunities for elk management via public hunting on private land in the context of an expanding elk presence on private land in southwest Montana. Our main focus is on the role of private ranchland in elk ecology, and the ability of land owners to set elk migration in new directions through cumulative decisions about hunting and tolerating elk. This takes elk management, traditionally the purview of the state, out of administrative control. We document connections between the region’s historical and emerging land tenure patterns, and analyze associated changes in hunter access. Elk numbers expanded rapidly in the Upper Yellowstone Valley at a moment of significant transition in ranchland tenure. New owners more interested in natural amenities than in livestock production encouraged the elk and discouraged hunting. This reinforced the spread of elk, and further weakened the ability of the state and other ranchers to manage elk (which interfere with livestock production in numerous ways). Though elk and cattle use the landscape in similar ways, elk became more effective agents of landscape change in a reflexive relationship with ideas of land that stress natural amenities over production.  相似文献   

降水量对连古城自然保护区荒漠植被凋落物分解和氮状态的影响     

高承兵  常宗强 《中国沙漠》2021,41(2):145-152

对连古城自然保护区不同降雨梯度（不截留和分别截留30%、50%、80%）下荒漠典型植被土壤无机氮和原位净氮矿化的凋落物分解和养分释放进行了连续的观测分析。结果表明：（1）随着水分输入减少,凋落物的分解速率减小,凋落物分解速率与年降水量正相关。与此相反,净氮矿化与降水量无关。（2）土壤NO{}_{\mathrm{3}}^{-}浓度随着降水输入的增加而显著降低,而土壤NH{}_{\mathrm{4}}^{+}浓度在不同降水截留处理条件下并无显著差异。（3）在连古城自然保护区,荒漠植被凋落物分解速率与实际降雨量密切相关,并且在不同控制条件下,随时间的变化凋落物中的碳和氮含量存在同时流失的现象。  相似文献   

Ferguson rock slide buries California State Highway near Yosemite National Park     

Edwin L. Harp  Mark E. Reid  Jonathan W. Godt  Jerome V. DeGraff  Alan J. Gallegos 《Landslides》2008,5(3):331-337

During spring 2006, talus from the toe area of a rock-block slide of about 800,000 m³ buried California State Highway 140, one of the main routes into heavily-visited Yosemite National Park, USA. Closure of the highway for 92 days caused business losses of about 4.8 million USD. The rock slide, composed of slate and phyllite, moved slowly downslope from April to June 2006, creating a fresh head scarp with 9–12 m of displacement. Movement of the main rock slide, a re-activation of an older slide, was triggered by an exceptionally wet spring 2006, following a very wet spring 2005. As of autumn 2006, most of the main slide appeared to be at rest, although rocks occasionally continued to fall from steep, fractured rock masses at the toe area of the slide. Future behavior of the slide is difficult to predict, but possible scenarios range from continued scattered rock fall to complete rapid failure of the entire mass. Although unlikely except under very destabilizing circumstances, a worst-case, rapid failure of the entire rock slide could extend across the Merced River, damming the river and creating a reservoir. As a temporary measure, traffic has been rerouted to the opposite side of the Merced River at about the same elevation as the buried section of Highway 140. A state-of-the-art monitoring system has been installed to detect movement in the steep talus slope, movement of the main slide mass, local strong ground motion from regional earthquakes, and sudden changes in stream levels, possibly indicating damming of the river by slide material.  相似文献   

National climate change mitigation legislation,strategy and targets: a global update     

Gabriela Iacobuta  Navroz K. Dubash  Prabhat Upadhyaya  Mekdelawit Deribe  Niklas Höhne 《Climate Policy》2018,18(9):1114-1132

Global climate change governance has changed substantially in the last decade, with a shift in focus from negotiating globally agreed greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets to nationally determined contributions, as enshrined in the 2015 Paris Agreement. This paper analyses trends in adoption of national climate legislation and strategies, GHG targets, and renewable and energy efficiency targets in almost all UNFCCC Parties, focusing on the period from 2007 to 2017. The uniqueness and added value of this paper reside in its broad sweep of countries, the more than decade-long coverage and the use of objective metrics rather than normative judgements. Key results show that national climate legislation and strategies witnessed a strong increase in the first half of the assessed decade, likely due to the political lead up to the Copenhagen Climate Conference in 2009, but have somewhat stagnated in recent years, currently covering 70% of global GHG emissions (almost 50% of countries). In comparison, the coverage of GHG targets increased considerably in the run up to adoption of the Paris Agreement and 89% of global GHG emissions are currently covered by such targets. Renewable energy targets saw a steady spread, with 79% of the global GHG emissions covered in 2017 compared to 45% in 2007, with a steep increase in developing countries.

Key policy insights

• The number of countries that have national legislation and strategies in place increased strongly up to 2012, but the increase has levelled off in recent years, now covering 70% of global emissions by 2017 (48% of countries and 76% of global population).

• Economy-wide GHG reduction targets witnessed a strong increase in the build up to 2015 and are adopted by countries covering 89% of global GHG emissions (76% not counting USA) and 90% of global population (86% not counting USA) in 2017.

• Renewable energy targets saw a steady increase throughout the last decade with coverage of countries in 2017 comparable to that of GHG targets.

• Key shifts in national measures coincide with landmark international events – an increase in legislation and strategy in the build-up to the Copenhagen Climate Conference and an increase in targets around the Paris Agreement – emphasizing the importance of the international process to maintaining national momentum.

  相似文献   

Ironies of Consociation: Forest and Natural Resource Governance in Post-War Bosnia and Herzegovina     

Aaron Vlasak 《社会与自然资源》2018,31(5):599-614

ABSTRACT

The nation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), on southeastern Europe’s Balkan Peninsula, is a unique product of international peace building based on a consociational model of ethnic power sharing. Organized around protection of “vital interests” of its constituent ethnic communities, the BiH state is radically decentralized. In forest administration, national government is practically nonexistent; multiple substate entities including cantons and municipalities operate as autonomous, self-governing units. This paper finds that the politics of accommodation, ironically couched in the language of rights, creates conditions of illiberal dissociation which block consensual natural resource governance. Conservation policies which require political compromise, thus, face a challenge in BiH’s illiberal consociation. Through policy analysis and interviews with representatives of key organizations affected by the 2008 Law on Una National Park, this study finds that when policies are implemented at levels of expected cooperation, the resultant needs are to reconcile rifts of interpretation and coordinate competencies vertically among dissociative bureaucracies.  相似文献   

Spatial and temporal patterns of fires in tropical savannas of Indonesia     

《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2018,39(2):281-299

This paper examines spatial and temporal patterns of large to medium‐sized fires across the Indonesian Archipelago using remote sensing, particularly the MODIS fire products, over a 14 years period (2000–13 inclusive) in conjunction with climatic and land data in a GIS. Results showed fires (burned area and number of fires) were detected the most in year 2002 and least in 2010. The extent of burning was correlated with the annual Southern Oscillation Index with most burning occurring during times of sustained negative SOI values, which generally means drier conditions across the region. Most of the detected fires occurred in the middle of the dry season and in drier eastern Indonesia. Across Indonesia, approximately 1.5 per cent of available open vegetation area burned, whereas only 0.5 per cent of forest area burned. Most open vegetation burning was detected in the savanna with an area equivalent to 11.1 per cent of its extent being burned over the 14 years. On Sumba Island, where the pronounced dry season extends for at least four months, open vegetation is the most common land cover type, of which 99 per cent burned by area over the study period making it the island with the most burned areas in the Indonesian Archipelago.  相似文献   

广东石门台国家级自然保护区及毗邻区域 “假林线”时空变化特征     

张琪  杜建会  田贺  黄一鑫 《热带地理》2018,38(3):364-371

基于3S技术,利用2011和2015年2期不同时相高分辨率QuickBird影像和DEM数据,研究了广东石门台国家级自然保护区及毗邻区域“假林线”的时空变化特征。结果表明：1）该区域“假林线”分布的海拔介于317~1 569 m,其中80%集中分布在700~1 200 m的范围内。2）与2011年相比,2015年“假林线”在不同坡度和坡向上分布的平均海拔总体呈上升趋势,但变化不显著（P＞0.1）。3）“假林线”主要分布在5°~35°的坡度,极少出现在＜2°的平地或＞55°的垂直坡上。不同坡向“假林线”海拔分布存在很大差异（P＜0.001）,呈现出北坡高于南坡,东坡略高于西坡的特点。各坡向上“假林线”海拔分布的最大值出现在西北坡,最小值出现在南坡。  相似文献   

Comparisons of plant calcium fraction between two different vegetation zones in semi-arid region     

MengQi Li  XingDong He  XiangXiang Yang  YueDan Zhao  YuBao Gao 《寒旱区科学》2018,10(4):340-346

To explore the characteristics of plant calcium(Ca) fraction, we analyzed 91 plant species in the Ningxia Habahu National Nature Reserve in Yanchi County of Ningxia and 84 plant species in Zhenglan Banner of Inner Mongolia. Results show that, for the two regions, there is no significant difference between Ca fraction for the same growth type, and between water soluble Ca content or between hydrochloric acid soluble Ca content for plants of the same ecosystem and between hydrochloric acid soluble Ca content for plants of the same family. In similar vegetation zones, there is a significant difference among hydrochloric acid soluble Ca content for different growth types in Yanchi County and Zhenglan Banner,which was the highest for annual herbs and the lowest for perennial herbs. There is a significant difference between acetic acid soluble Ca content and between hydrochloric acid soluble Ca content for sandy land and grassland ecosystems in Yanchi County. There is a significant difference among the same Ca fraction of different families in the same region. Thus, the characteristics of plant Ca fraction are results of long-term adaptation to the environment.  相似文献