山西地区小震活动年频次分布特征研究     

梁向军  张蕙 《山西地震》2010,(2):1-7

对山西地区1970年至2008年的小震年频次分布用Klomogorov-Smirnov分布检验法进行检验,得出,山西地区的年频次累计次数与年频次有类似G-R的关系;由年频次分布随时间的变化关系分析,山西带及其北、中、南三个区域在中强震前,小震年频次的峰度、偏度、标准差、CV值、bm值等统计函数均表现出明显的变化。  相似文献   

西北小城镇的震害特点及防灾减灾     

雷中生  宋利萍  张蜜利  顾岩 《高原地震》2010,22(3):61-66

西北小城镇面临的地震高风险已成为人们关注的焦点。由于自然环境差、社会经济和城镇基础设施薄弱、民众文化素质低,加大了小城镇抢险救援的难度。另一方面,人口密度低、自救互救能力较强、震后引发的社会问题不突出,又成为有利的一面。了解西北小城镇的震害特点,有针对性地建立起防灾减灾对策,做好平时准备、震前防御、震时救援、震后重建的立体战略思想、战术和方法,就能很好地提高西北小城镇的综合防灾能力。  相似文献   

Ranking spaces for predicting human movement in an urban environment     

Bin Jiang 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(7):823-837

A city can be topologically represented as a connectivity graph, consisting of nodes representing individual spaces and links if the corresponding spaces are intersected. It turns out in the space syntax literature that some defined topological metrics can capture human movement rates in individual spaces. In other words, the topological metrics are significantly correlated to human movement rates, and individual spaces can be ranked by the metrics for predicting human movement. However, this correlation has never been well justified. In this paper, we study the same issue by applying the weighted PageRank algorithm to the connectivity graph or space–space topology for ranking the individual spaces, and find surprisingly that: (1) the PageRank scores are better correlated to human movement rates than the space syntax metrics, and (2) the underlying space–space topology demonstrates small world and scale free properties. The findings provide a novel justification as to why space syntax, or topological analysis in general, can be used to predict human movement. We further conjecture that this kind of analysis is no more than predicting a drunkard's walking on a small world and scale free network.  相似文献   

Pesticides Removal by Filtration over Cactus Pear Leaves: A Cheap and Natural Method for Small‐Scale Water Purification in Semi‐Arid Regions     

Abraha Gebrekidan  Hannah Nicolai  Liese Vincken  Mekone Teferi  Tsehaye Asmelash  Tadesse Dejenie  Samuel Zerabruk  Kindeya Gebrehiwet  Hans Bauer  Josef Deckers  Patricia Luis  Luc De Meester  Bart van der Bruggen 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2013,41(3):235-243

This study aims to examine the efficiency of Opuntia ficus‐indica for removing organochlorine pesticides from surface waters. Adsorption properties such as size, dose, and time of O. ficus‐indica for aldrin, dieldrin, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) were studied through stirring and column methods. Because of their high affinity and swelling characteristics, dried O. ficus‐indica was studied in stirring while fresh unpeeled O. ficus‐indica was applied in both stirring and column experiments and proved to be well‐suited to column application. Before removing pesticides, the column was flashed with distilled water eliminate the turbidity and smell from fresh unpeeled cactus. The removal of pesticides increased with an increasing adsorbent dose and decreased with adsorbent particle sizes. The optimum adsorbent dose is 10 g for dried and 15 g for fresh unpeeled O. ficus‐indica. The experimental results show that O. ficus‐indica possesses strong adsorption ability for aldrin, dieldrin, and DDT, and the adsorption isotherm data obeyed the Freundlich model. The results of our small‐scale experiments suggest a strong potential to develop local small‐scale water treatment units that can be used at the level of individual households or local communities, using a widely available adsorbent.  相似文献   

The geographic distribution of small dams in Oregon using ecoregion and landform classification     

Suzanne C. Walther  Amanda L. Reinholtz  W. Andrew Marcus 《自然地理学》2013,34(3):286-301

Abstract

Small dams fragment river landscapes, disrupting channel connectivity and impacting water quality and quantity. Although they impound volumetrically less total water than large dams, the ubiquity of small dams suggests their cumulative impacts could be significant. Documenting the distribution and characteristics of small dams is necessary to understanding and mitigating their impacts. In this study, we compare datasets of small dams in Oregon, compile a new comprehensive dataset, and document geographic variations in small dam distributions between different ecoregions. We used Oregon Water Resources Department dam and Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife fish passage barrier datasets to compare dam heights and contributing drainage areas between different ecoregions. Over 61% of Oregon’s land area is above one or more small dam. We highlight the location of Oregon’s small dams at valley margins, transition zones between flat plains and mountains, and areas of high population density. Given the hidden nature of small dams, evaluation of small dam impacts using public imagery is not effective. However, knowledge of small dam distributions given their association with landforms can aid in finding unrecorded dams, assessing approaches for evaluating their geomorphic impacts, and informing their management.  相似文献   

Understanding interlinkages between long-term trajectory of exposure and vulnerability,path dependency and cascading impacts of disasters in Saint-Martin (Caribbean)     

《Global Environmental Change》2021

This empirical and interdisciplinary study investigates the contribution of deeply enrooted social-political factors to the accumulation of exposure and vulnerability and amplification of cascading impacts of disasters, with implications on the creation and reinforcement of path dependency maintaining social-ecological systems on a maladaptive trajectory. Applying the Trajectory of Exposure and Vulnerability approach to Saint-Martin (Caribbean), we more specifically highlight how the causal chain linking historical geopolitical and political-institutional drivers to legal, economic, demographic, sociocultural, planning-related and environmental drivers, created the accumulation of exposure and vulnerability over time and contributed to the propagation and amplification of the impacts of tropical cyclones Irma and José in 2017. We find that historical social-political dynamics involving unsustainable development and settlement patterns, the weakness of local institutions, population mistrust in public authorities, high social inequalities and environmental degradation maintained Saint-Martin on a maladaptive trajectory through powerful reinforcing mechanisms operating both between and during cyclonic events. This study demonstrates that long-term interdisciplinary approaches are required for a better understanding of path dependency and the identification of levers to break it in risk-prone contexts. In Saint-Martin, breaking path dependency requires the alignment of local institutional capacities with national risk reduction policies, the promotion of social justice and involvement of local communities in decision making. This study therefore confirms the relevance of backward-looking approaches to support forward-looking climate adaptation.  相似文献   

Ecological quality assessment of small estuaries from the Portuguese coast based on fish assemblages indices     

Cardoso I  Pais MP  Henriques S  da Fonseca LC  Cabral HN 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(5):992-1001

The importance of establishing the ecological quality of estuarine systems has been widely acknowledged and led to the development of several fish community-based multimetric indices. Nevertheless, a question rose about the accuracy of these tools when natural disturbance is acting upon the organization of the systems’ communities. Four multimetric indices were used to examine their ability to differentiate the ecological status of five small estuarine systems (southern Portugal), and also to test if they reflected the level of anthropogenic pressures. Fish assemblages from Mira, Odeceixe and Aljezur (in the Southwest coast), Gilão and Bensafrim (in the South coast) estuaries were sampled seasonally for one year, and anthropogenic sources of pressure were identified and quantified. We found that although the applied indices provided information on ecological condition differentiation among systems, they are unable to explain different classes of ecological status in systems with equivalent pressure levels.  相似文献   

霍山皖33井水位与"霍山窗"小震活动关系的初步研究     

孙盼盼  张军  刘泽民  陶月潮  李军辉 《华南地震》2011,31(2):79-85

分析了霍山皖33井水位变化与"霍山窗"地震活动的关系:首先采用差分法和从属函数等方法对水位数据进行处理,提取了水位的短期异常,结果表明该井水位异常对霍山以及周边地区的中小地震有较好的反映;其次,通过对该井水位与"霍山窗"小震活动性的对比研究,发现该地区小地震在水位低值时活跃.参考该地区的环境剪应力,我们认为霍山皖33井...  相似文献   

注浆技术在砂卵石地层水平（定）导向钻进工程中的应用研究     

梁小强  张可能  赵自亮 《岩土钻凿工程》2011,(2):24-29

本人在借鉴前人成果并结合施工经验的基础上,系统总结了砂卵石地层与非开挖钻进施工的适应性,对非开挖钻进施工中出现的问题进行了归纳和分类,并对其原因进行了分析和探讨。同时,为了解决非开挖导向钻进在复杂地层特别是砂卵石层中的施工难题,考虑采用注浆预加固技术对砂卵石层进行预先加固,以提高其强度,保证非开挖导向钻进的顺利进行。更进一步地,对水平孔中注浆预加固的三种方法（垂直注浆法、导管注浆法、随钻注浆法）在导向钻进工程中的概念、适用范围、优缺点以及实施控制要点等进行了对比和研究。  相似文献   

小当量激发的远距离信号检测研究   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

唐杰  王宝善  葛洪魁  陈镲 《地球物理学报》2008,51(6):1810-1818

为了研究利用小当量震源进行远距离探测的可能性,通过现场试验进行了研究.野外实验采用1次大当量激发和16次小当量激发,研究结果表明：①有可能利用数十公斤当量的炸药实现200km距离的探测;②在激发条件相同（或相近）时,不同当量的激发波形滤波后存在一定的相似性;③依据人工震源可重复性采用以下的激发组合方式和处理方法能够有效提高信噪比：针对大当量激发与小当量激发波形的相似性,利用大当量激发的波形作模板与小当量激发的波形作相关,可判断台站是否接受到小当量激发的信号并检测其震相到时信息.针对小当量激发波形的相似性,采用小当量多次激发的方式,通过N次根加权叠加方法,能有效提高记录的信噪比和震相识别精度.  相似文献