Using Föhn conditions to characterize urban and regional sources of particles     

D. Mira-Salama  R. Van Dingenen  C. Gruening  J.-P. Putaud  F. Cavalli  P. Cavalli  N. Erdmann  A. Dell'Acqua  S. Dos Santos  J. Hjorth  F. Raes  N.R. Jensen   《Atmospheric Research》2008,90(2-4):159-ICNAA07

Characterizations of urban and regional sources of particulate matter (PM) were performed in the Milan area (North of Italy) during Föhn and stagnant (non-Föhn) conditions. The measurements were performed at two different places: in an urban area North of Milan (Bresso) and in a regional area at the EMEP-GAW station in Ispra (about 65 km NW from Milan) during the winter periods of the years 2002–2007. Particle size distributions and chemical bulk analysis of aerosols are combined with single particle mass spectrometry to obtain information about the chemical content of the particles and their mixing state. Föhn conditions are characterized by extremely clean background air from which background aerosol is scavenged, and consequently local sources (here defined as sources between the sampling sites and the mountain range top about 100–150 km away depending on the wind direction) determine the aerosol properties.It was observed that during Föhn events the accumulation mode in the size range 50 nm < d < 300 nm practically disappears and that the size fraction below 50 nm dominates the total number distribution. The significant change in the number size distribution and the large decrease in PM10 mass during Föhn events are accompanied by a significant change in the chemical composition of the particles. Results from bulk chemical analysis showed high amounts of carbonaceous compounds and very low concentrations of ammonium nitrate (as indicator for secondary chemistry) during Föhn episodes, in contrast to stagnant conditions, when secondary components are dominating the aerosol composition. Single particle measurements confirm the high contribution of carbonaceous compounds in locally emitted particles.It was concluded that particles that originated in the urban area come mainly from combustion processes, especially direct traffic emissions, domestic heating and industrial activities, whereas the regionally emitted particles are different with much less traffic contribution.We estimate that under prevailing (non-Föhn) winter conditions, about 50–65% of the aerosol mass load in the city of Milan are caused by local emissions, and about 35–50% come from regional background. This finding suggests that in order to improve air quality in a big city like Milan, it is important to combine local traffic restriction interventions with other long-term regional scale air-quality-measures.  相似文献   

Elastic behavior of vanadinite,Pb<Subscript>10</Subscript>(VO<Subscript>4</Subscript>)<Subscript>6</Subscript>Cl<Subscript>2</Subscript>, a microporous non-zeolitic mineral     

G. Diego Gatta  Yongjae Lee  Chi-Chang Kao 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2009,36(6):311-317

The high-pressure behavior of a vanadinite (Pb₁₀(VO₄)₆Cl₂, a = b = 10.3254(5), c = 7.3450(4) Å, space group P6₃/m), a natural microporous mineral, has been investigated using in-situ HP-synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction up to 7.67 GPa with a diamond anvil cell under hydrostatic conditions. No phase transition has been observed within the pressure range investigated. Axial and volume isothermal Equations of State (EoS) of vanadinite were determined. Fitting the P–V data with a third-order Birch-Murnaghan (BM) EoS, using the data weighted by the uncertainties in P and V, we obtained: V ₀ = 681(1) Å³, K ₀ = 41(5) GPa, and K′ = 12.5(2.5). The evolution of the lattice constants with P shows a strong anisotropic compression pattern. The axial bulk moduli were calculated with a third-order “linearized” BM-EoS. The EoS parameters are: a ₀ = 10.3302(2) Å, K ₀(a) = 35(2) GPa and K′(a) = 10(1) for the a-axis; c ₀ = 7.3520(3) Å, K ₀(c) = 98(4) GPa, and K′(c) = 9(2) for the c-axis (K ₀(a):K ₀(c) = 1:2.80). Axial and volume Eulerian-finite strain (fe) at different normalized stress (Fe) were calculated. The weighted linear regression through the data points yields the following intercept values: Fe _a (0) = 35(2) GPa for the a-axis, Fe _c (0) = 98(4) GPa for the c-axis and Fe _V (0) = 45(2) GPa for the unit-cell volume. The slope of the regression lines gives rise to K′ values of 10(1) for the a-axis, 9(2) for the c-axis and 11(1) for the unit cell-volume. A comparison between the HP-elastic response of vanadinite and the iso-structural apatite is carried out. The possible reasons of the elastic anisotropy are discussed.  相似文献   

Fluid-pressure controlled soft-bed deformation sequence beneath the surging Breiðamerkurjökull (Iceland, Little Ice Age)     

Michaël Denis  Jean-Franois Buoncristiani  Michel Guiraud 《Sedimentary Geology》2009,221(1-4):71-86

The general subject of this paper is subglacial deformation beneath Breiðamerkurjökull, a surging Icelandic glacier. More specifically it discusses the evolution and the role of fluid pressure on the behaviour of subglacial sediments during deformation. During Little Ice Age maximum, the two outcrops studied, North Jökulsarlon (N-Jk) and Brennhola-Alda (BA), were located at 2550 m and 550 m respectively from the front of the Breiðamerkurjökull. Sedimentological analysis at the forefield of the glacier shows thick, coarse glaciofluvial deposits interbedded with thin, fine-grained shallow lacustrine/swamp deposits, overlain by a deformed till unit at N-Jk. BA outcrop shows fine-grained shallow lacustrine/swamp deposits overlain by a deformed till unit. The sequence of deformation events from one outcrop to the other is similar. First, major thrust planes, which were rooted in shallow lacustrine/swamp deposits developed by glacially induced simple shear. Next, the thrusts were folded, indicating the deformation of hydroplastic sediment assisted by moderate fluid pressure. Then clastic dyke swarms crosscut the sedimentary succession, proving that fluid overpressure caused hydrofracturing associated with fluidisation. Finally, as water escaped from the glacier bed, fluid pressure dropped, and normal faulting occurred in brittle-state subglacial sediments. Fluid-pressure variations are related to glacier dynamics. They control the deformation sequence by modifying subglacial rheological behaviour and the nature of the subglacial tectonism.  相似文献   

鄂尔多斯盆地伊陕斜坡中部长6油层组沉积微相及其含油性研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

马强  屈红军  严耀祖  胡春花  白国娟 《沉积学报》2009,27(3):443-451

研究区位于鄂尔多斯盆地伊陕斜坡中部,延长组长6油层是研究区主要目的油层,因此了解其沉积相类型及平面展布,探讨沉积微相与油气分布的关系,对勘探开发有指导意义。以岩芯及野外剖面观察为基础,通过岩石相、测井相、粒度和薄片鉴定资料的综合分析,揭示出研究区长6油层为三角洲前缘亚相,并可以细分为水下分流河道、河口坝、水下分流间湾、席状砂、水下决口扇和水下天然堤6个沉积微相,分析了各小层沉积微相的平面展布规律;在此基础上,首次将定量统计学方法应用于含油砂体沉积微相的分析,研究表明,长6油层的油气主要赋存在水下分流河道砂体及水下分流河道与河口坝组合砂体中,在层位上又以长61为主,是下一步主要勘探目标。  相似文献   

东秦岭钼矿带南泥湖-上房沟花岗斑岩成因及其对钼成矿作用的制约   总被引：15，自引：7，他引：8  

包志伟  曾乔松  赵太平  原振雷 《岩石学报》2009,25(10):2523-2536

河南省栾川县南泥湖-上房沟斑岩-矽卡岩型钼(钨)矿田是我国最重要的钼矿产区,钼矿探明储量(金属量)达205万吨.区内钼成矿与南泥湖和上房沟两个花岗斑岩小岩体关系密切,两岩体产于华北克拉通南缘,岩石为高硅、富碱和较高分异指数的碱性-碱钙性、过铝质花岗岩.其微量元素地球化学组成具有显著亏损Eu、Sr、Ba、Ti的特征,表明岩浆经历过相当高程度的分异演化.较低的ε_(Nd)(t)值(-12.7～-15.5)和年轻的Nd模式年龄(1.48～1.71Ga)表明其成岩物质来源主要为年轻的地壳物质.南泥湖和上房沟岩体的锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb年龄分别为149.56±0.36Ma(MSWD=1.5)和135.38±0.29Ma(MSWD=1.4).结合现有的秦岭一大别造山带中生代花岗岩类的有关地球化学研究成果,东秦岭钼成矿带内的燕山期成矿花岗岩小岩体及大岩基应为扬子克拉通北缘中生代向华北克拉通A型俯冲的地壳物质在碰撞后伸展构造环境下部分熔融的产物并可能有部分地幔物质的参与.成矿小岩体是花岗岩大岩基高度分异演化的结果,花岗岩大岩基结晶分异导致其中挥发分的过饱和、挥发分对正在固结的岩浆体中成矿元素的淋滤是小岩体成矿的关键.  相似文献   

Radio constraints on the volume filling factors of AGN winds     

A. J. Blustin  A. C. Fabian 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2009,396(3):1732-1736

The calculation of mass outflow rates of active galactic nuclei (AGN) winds is of great importance in understanding the role that such winds play in AGN-galaxy feedback processes. The mass outflow rates are, however, difficult to estimate since the volume filling factors of the winds are unknown. In this paper, we use constraints imposed by the observed radio emission to obtain upper limits to the volume filling factors of wind components in certain nearby AGN. We do this by predicting the 1.4 GHz radio flux densities emitted by those components, assuming a uniform wind, and then comparing these with the observed flux densities for each AGN at this frequency. We find that the upper limits to the volume filling factors are in the range of  10⁻⁴–0.5  .  相似文献   

Search for TeV gamma-rays from Geminga pulsar     

B.B. Singh  V.R. Chitnis  D. Bose  M.A. Rahman  S.S. Upadhya  K.S. Gothe  B.K. Nagesh  P.N. Purohit  Shobha K. Rao  Kamesh K. Rao  S.K. Sharma  P.V. Sudersan  B.L. Venkateshmurthy  P.R. Vishwanath  B.S. Acharya 《Astroparticle Physics》2009,32(2):120-128

We present the results of observation of the Geminga pulsar carried out in the TeV energy band during the 6 year period spanning 2000–2006 using the Pachmarhi Array of Cherenkov Telescopes (PACT). A long stretch of data, new computer codes and the “Tempo” package have been used in the present analysis. We have searched for evidence of pulsed emission of γ-rays from the Geminga pulsar using the post-glitch pulsar elements obtained by Jackson and Halpern from X-ray/γ-ray satellite data. We do not see any significant evidence for pulsed emission from the Geminga pulsar at a threshold energy of 825 GeV. In this paper we present our results on the light curve in the TeV energy band, set an upper limit on the time averaged flux of γ-rays, and compare our results with other ground based observations.  相似文献   

A search for decay of with tin-loaded liquid scintillator     

M.J. Hwang  Y.J. Kwon  H.J. Kim  J.W. Kwak  S.C. Kim  S.K. Kim  T.Y. Kim  S.Y. Kim  H.S. Lee  M.J. Lee  S.S. Myung  Y.D. Kim  J.I. Lee  W.G. Kang  I.S. Hahn  M.H. Lee  KIMS Collaboration 《Astroparticle Physics》2009,31(6):412-416

A search for the neutrinoless double-beta decay of ¹²⁴Sn was carried out using the tin-loaded liquid scintillator for an active source-detector technique. Tin (32.6%) in weight was successfully loaded into the liquid scintillator, and light output was as high as 57% of the unloaded liquid scintillator. A tin-loaded liquid scintillator with 1.1 ℓ volume was installed at the 700 m underground laboratory in YangYang, and data were taken for 5285 h. No evidence for the 0νββ decay was found and a lower limit on the ¹²⁴Sn half-life was obtained to be 2.0×10¹⁹ year with 90% C.L. The new limit represents a significant improvement with respect to those previously available for ¹²⁴Sn.  相似文献   

高分六号宽幅多光谱数据人工林类型分类   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

黄建文  李增元  陈尔学  赵磊  莫冰萍 《遥感学报》2021,25(2):539-548

高分六号(GF-6)卫星于2018年成功发射,2019-03正式投入使用。由于GF-6宽幅相机的WFV(Wide Field of View)影像较GF-1的同类影像新增2个红边波段,将会提高对农业、林业、草原等资源监测能力。为了分析GF-6的WFV影像在人工林分类方面的能力,促进高分数据在林业领域的应用,本文选取广西高峰林场为研究区,以最新的GF-6 WFV影像为数据源,结合地面实测类型数据,进行广西南宁高峰林场的桉树,杉木等人工林类型提取。主要运用随机森林(random forests)的分层分类法:首先计算6种植被指数,并利用随机森林法进行植被指数的特征优选,然后确定4种波段组合数据集的分类方案,4种数据集分别为(1)无红边的前4个波段,(2)有红边的8个波段,(3) 8个波段加上未优化的植被指数特征组合,(4) 8个波段加上优化的植被指数特征组合。再进行WFV影像4种数据集的随机森林分类,随机森林采用分类回归树(CART)算法来生成分类树,结合了bagging和随机选择特征变量的优点,是一种有效的分类方法。最后比较4个方案的分类结果并进行精度验证。结果表明:方案2比方案1精度提高了4.99%,Kappa系数提高了0.058。说明包含红边的8波段数据比4个波段数据精度有大幅提升。方案4的8波段加上优化植被指数特征组合的分类精度最高,达到了85.38%,比方案2包含红边波段组和方案1无红边波段组的精度分别提高了3.98%,8.97%,Kappa系数分别提高了0.046,0.104。说明WFV影像加入红边波段比无红边波段精度明显增高。由结果可知,红边指数的引入,增强了植被信息,能够较准确地反映人工林类型特征差异,明显提升了人工林的分类精度。本研究方法可以有效改善广西人工林类型信息提取效果,为GF-6影像质量的评价及其在林业应用潜力提供科学参考依据。  相似文献   

The inverse Compton X-ray-emitting lobes of the high-redshift giant radio galaxy 6C 0905+39     

M. C. Erlund  A. C. Fabian  Katherine M. Blundell 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2008,386(4):1774-1780

We present new XMM–Newton data of the high-redshift  ( z = 1.883)  , Mpc-sized giant radio galaxy 6C 0905+39. The larger collecting area and longer observation time for our new data means that we can better characterize the extended X-ray emission, in particular its spectrum, which arises from cosmic microwave background photons scattered into the X-ray band by the energetic electrons in the spent synchrotron plasma of the (largely) radio-quiet lobes of 6C 0905+39. We calculate the energy that its jet-ejected plasma has dumped into its surroundings in the last  3 × 10⁷   yr and discuss the impact that similar, or even more extreme, examples of spent, radio-quiet lobes would have on their surroundings. Interestingly, there is an indication that the emission from the hotspots is softer than the rest of the extended emission and the core, implying it is due to synchrotron emission. We confirm our previous detection of the low-energy turnover in the eastern hotspot of 6C 0905+39.  相似文献