Glass geochemical compositions from widespread tephras erupted over the last 200 years from Mount St. Helens     

ZHEN HUI FOO  Britta J. L. Jensen  Matthew S. M. Bolton 《第四纪科学杂志》2020,35(1-2):102-113

Building reliable chronologies from lake sediments, peat and other paleoenvironmental archives can be challenging, especially for historical times where radiocarbon is unreliable. Nineteenth- and 20th-century eruptions from Mount St. Helens (MSH) provide important chronostratigraphic markers for regional paleoenvironmental studies within this time frame, but are constrained by poorly geochemically characterized tephra and/or limited published data. Here, we present glass geochemistry from the most significant eruptions from this time. This includes proximal, medial and distal deposits of the 18 May 1980 MSH eruption, layer T ( ad 1799/1800), a new tephra that we argue represents the ad 1842 eruption, and the 22 July 1980 eruption that had reported ashfall in Canada. Our results indicate that most tephras ejected during these eruptions, within a time frame of ~200 years, have distinct glass geochemical characteristics that can be used to identify distal deposits for tephrochronological studies. Layer T is on trend with analyses of the 1980 eruption but has a distinct dacitic glass population. The 1980 and ad 1842 eruptions are similar, both having rhyolitic glass compositions, but the ad 1842 event can be differentiated by a more constrained SiO₂ range in the main geochemical population, and the presence of a unique SiO₂ sub-population.  相似文献   

Ten‐year water table recovery after clearcutting and draining boreal forested wetlands of eastern Canada     

Philippe Marcotte  Vincent Roy  André P. Plamondon  Isabelle Auger 《水文研究》2008,22(20):4163-4172

In boreal forested wetlands, the observed increase in the water table level after clearcutting (watering‐up) is often a threat to sustained ecosystem productivity. Hydrologic recovery refers to the processes by which a water table progressively drops back to its initial level after the cut. In eastern Canada, drainage is used operationally after clearcutting wet sites in order to lower the water table level and accelerate hydrologic recovery. The objective of this study was to evaluate the duration of the watering‐up caused by timber harvesting and the extent to which drainage affected the water table recovery on five peatlands and three hydromorphic mineral sites located in the St. Lawrence Lowlands of Québec (Canada). The mixed wood stands studied are dominated by balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.), and red maple (Acer rubrum L). Results indicate that, 10 years after clearcutting, water table levels in undrained plots are still 5 to 7 cm higher than the pre‐cut levels. The slight recovery in water table level plateaued after the third year. Rainfall interception by vegetation was also monitored, and after 10 years had reached nearly 50% of the pre‐cut rate. The immediate water table drawdown following drainage mitigated watering‐up within 40 m of a ditch. The persistent watering‐up observed in this study should encourage using sylvicultural systems adapted to boreal forested wetlands in order to prevent productivity loss and stand conversion. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Sediment quality of the lower St. Johns River, Florida: an integrative assessment of benthic fauna, sediment-associated stressors, and general habitat characteristics     

Cooksey C  Hyland J 《Marine pollution bulletin》2007,54(1):9-21

Sediment quality of the lower St. Johns River (LSJR) estuary, Florida was evaluated using synoptic data on benthic community structure, levels of potential stressors (chemical contaminants, ammonia and sulfide), and other basic habitat characteristics (depth, dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature) collected at seven stations, three times a year from July 2000-July 2002. Un-ionized ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were detected at toxic levels on at least one sampling occasion at four stations. Chemical contamination of sediment at probable bioeffect levels also was observed at four stations. Concentrations of pesticides or other chemical substances typically associated with human activities (e.g., PCBs) were detectable at all stations, though not always present at concentrations likely of causing significant bioeffects. A total of 251 taxa and 9783 individuals were identified and enumerated from the benthic infaunal samples. Polychaete worms and molluscs dominated the benthic fauna at all seven stations. The opportunistic and pollution-tolerant polychaete Streblospio benedicti was the most abundant species overall (from all samples combined), appearing as a dominant at five of the seven stations. Overall, the sites sampled as part of this study indicate a highly stressed benthos resulting from multiple anthropogenic impacts.  相似文献   

Sources of particulate and dissolved organic carbon in the St Lawrence River: isotopic approach     

Jean‐Franois Hlie  Claude Hillaire‐Marcel 《水文研究》2006,20(9):1945-1959

We investigate sources of both dissolved and particulate organic carbon in the St Lawrence River from its source (the Great Lakes outlet) to its estuary, as well as in two of its tributaries. Special attention is given to seasonal interannual patterns by using data collected on a bi‐monthly basis from mid‐1998 to mid‐2003. δ¹³C measurements in dissolved inorganic carbon, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC), as well as molar C : N in particulate organic matter (POM), are used to bring insight into the dynamic between aquatic versus terrigenous sources. In addition, ¹⁴C activities of DOC were measured at the outlet of the St Lawrence River to its estuary to assess a mean age of the DOC exported to the estuary. In the St Lawrence River itself, aquatically produced POC dominates terrestrially derived POC and is depleted in ¹³C by approximately 12‰ versus dissolved CO₂. In the Ottawa River, the St Lawrence River's most important tributary, the present dataset did not allow for convincing deciphering of POC sources. In a small tributary of the St Lawrence River, aquatically produced POC dominates in summer and terrestrially derived POC dominates in winter. DOC seems to be dominated by terrestrially derived organic matter at all sampling sites, with some influence of DOC derived from aquatically produced POC in summer in the St Lawrence River at the outlet of the Great Lakes and in one of its small tributaries. The overall bulk DOC is relatively recent (¹⁴C generally exceeding 100% modern carbon) in the St Lawrence River at its outlet to the estuary, suggesting that it derives mainly from recent organic matter from topsoils in the watershed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

An experimental facility for the investigation of magma fragmentation by rapid decompression     

Mikhail Alidibirov  Donald B. Dingwell 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1996,58(5):411-416

 A special experimental facility has been developed to investigate the fragmentation of vesicular magma undergoing rapid decompression. The facility operates in a regime similar to that of shock tubes and at temperatures up to 950  °C and pressures up to 200 bar. Cylindrical samples (diameter ca. 17 mm, length ca. 50 mm) undergo rapid decompression in a high-temperature, high-pressure section of the facility following the disruption of a diaphragm separating that section from a low-pressure, low-temperature section. Actual vesicular magma samples have been experimentally fragmented at elevated temperatures and pressures corresponding to those observed during explosive volcanic eruptions and the resulting pyroclastics have been photographically resolved in flight and collected for physical characterization. The results of these experiments show that the rapid decompression of highly viscous vesicular magma can generate pyroclastic ejecta via rapid and complete fragmentation of magma at high temperature. This new fragmentation facility is presented as a tool for experimental volcanology under well-constrained conditions. Received: 19 March 1996 / Accepted: 25 August 1996  相似文献   

地壳风化速率研究综述   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6  

续海金  马昌前 《地球科学进展》2002,17(5):670-678

地壳风化速率研究的理论基础是质量守恒原理和溶液与矿物反应动力学法则。元素在风化过程中的行为受多种因素控制，主要包括基岩风化量、大气沉降量、径流量、生物的输出数量和人为输入量（如施肥）。硅酸盐矿物化学风化过程中，矿物与溶液之间总的化学反应速率是单个反应速率之和，其中涉及到 3个关键参数，即：酸中和能力（ANC）、基本阳离子/无机铝（BC/Al无机）比值和临界负荷（CL）。风化速率的研究主要采用四种方法，即PROFILE模型、基本阳离子损耗、元素输入-输出指数和Sr同位素比值等。PROFILE模型是一个稳定态的综合土壤化学模型，矿物的分解速率、矿物的暴露表面积、土壤水饱和度和土壤层厚度决定着该矿物的风化速率，总的风化速率为各种矿物的风化速率之和。元素损耗，主要是基本阳离子（Ca、Na、K和Mg）的损耗，假设Ti、 Zr和Nb在成土过程中含量稳定并不参与风化反应，那么对于给定的土壤层，化学风化损耗的基本阳离子可以通过比较土层与成土母质之间元素组成的差异来计算。输入-输出指数的假设前提是研究的流域处于稳定状态，一般认为输入指数是大气沉降，输出指数是河流搬运溶解部分、悬浮的非岩屑成因部分和生物营养净吸收部分。Sr同位素在生物和化学作用过程中并不分馏，不同生态系统阳离子场中Sr同位素组成是大气和矿物风化来源的Sr的混合物。  相似文献   

Implications of management strategies and vegetation change in the Mount St. Helens blast zone     

Luke J. Marzen  Zoltan Szantoi  Lisa M.B. Harrington  John A. Harrington Jr 《国际地球制图》2013,28(5):359-376

The 1980 eruptions of Mount St. Helens provided an excellent opportunity for scientists to investigate the recovery of vegetation communities following a major geologic disturbance. An important and often overlooked aspect in these studies is the human factor in recovery processes, and specifically, the different management approaches taken towards re-establishment of vegetation on lands under the control of various owners. This study examines vegetation changes throughout the 1980 blast zone using a time series of Landsat-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) images and change detection methods to assess the changes over 25 years, from 1980 to 2005, as a function of human management combined with ecological factors. This long-term tracking of change indicates that differences in the speed of vegetation re-establishment and consequent rates of change substantially reflect human involvement and varying management strategies.  相似文献   

Investigating snowpack across scale in the northern Great Lakes–St. Lawrence forest region of Central Ontario,Canada     

Andy D. Beaton  Robert A. Metcalfe  James M. Buttle  Steven E. Franklin 《水文研究》2019,33(26):3310-3329

This study investigates scaling issues by evaluating snow processes and quantifying bias in snowpack properties across scale in a northern Great Lakes–St. Lawrence forest. Snow depth and density were measured along transects stratified by land cover over the 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 winters. Daily snow depth was measured using a time‐lapse (TL) camera at each transect. Semivariogram analysis of the transect data was conducted, and no autocorrelation was found, indicating little spatial structure along the transects. Pairwise differences in snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE) between land covers were calculated and compared across scales. Differences in snowpack between forested sites at the TL points corresponded to differences in canopy cover, but this relationship was not evident at the transect scale, indicating a difference in observed process across scale. TL and transect estimates had substantial bias, but consistency in error was observed, which indicates that scaling coefficients may be derived to improve point scale estimates. TL and transect measurements were upscaled to estimate grid scale means. Upscaled estimates were compared and found to be consistent, indicating that appropriately stratified point scale measurements can be used to approximate a grid scale mean when transect data are not available. These findings are important in remote regions such as the study area, where frequent transect data may be difficult to obtain. TL, transect, and upscaled means were compared with modelled depth and SWE. Model comparisons with TL and transect data indicated that bias was dependent on land cover, measurement scale, and seasonality. Modelled means compared well with upscaled estimates, but model SWE was underestimated during spring melt. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the spatial representativeness of in situ measurements and the processes those measurements represent when validating gridded snow products or assimilating data into models.  相似文献   

Statistical Analysis of the 30-Day Water Level Forecasts in the St. Lawrence River     

D. Lefaivre  S. Hamdi  B. Morse 《Marine Geodesy》2013,36(1):30-41

Forecasts of water levels in the St. Lawrence River on the east coast of Canada have been issued every working day since 1997 using a one-dimensional hydrodynamic model (One-D) for periods extending up to 30 days. In order to assess the performance of these forecasts, a comparison between the model forecasts and the observations of the water levels during 2005 was done at 12 stations of the SINECO network located between Montreal and Quebec City. The statistical analysis shows that mean errors are small compared to the water level fluctuations. Confidence intervals of the forecasted values for all stations are evaluated.  相似文献   

Fatty acids in recent sediments in the St. Lawrence estuary     

L. Rodier  M.F. Khalil 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1982,15(5):473-483

Surface sediments along the Rimouski section in the St. Lawrence estuary were sampled at the surface and at 10 cm depth. Fatty acids were extracted and analysed. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acid contents at the two depths vary with the nature of the sediments. The clay sediments rich in organic matter contain more fatty acids than the corresponding sand or gravel. Unsaturated fatty acids were more abundant in the surface sediments. Some iso- and anteiso-odd carbon fatty acids were detected in the sediments; these acids could indicate a microbial activity. Correlation is made with the fatty acid contents of the water column together with the surface microlayer of the estuarine water.  相似文献