Sur la mesure de l'intensité du champ magnétique terrestre et la distribution du magnétisme dans les aimants     

Bernard Leprêtre  Jean-Louis Le Mouël 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2005,337(15):1384-1391

The measurement of the horizontal component, H, of the geomagnetic field represents an important part of geomagneticians work from 1830 to the end of the 19th century. This measurement remained difficult at the required accuracy of ${10}^{\mathrm{?9}}\text{T}$ (1 nT or $1\gamma$), till the advent of proton and optical pumping magnetometers in geomagnetic observatories, around 1955. The measurement of H consisted in determining the mutual torque between two cylindrical magnets, by measuring either oscillation periods or angular deviations. Poisson was the first, indisputably, to propose the general principle of the measurement, in 1825. But Gauss, some years later (1832), successfully operated his famous oscillation–deviation method, described since then in all the elementary manuals of physics. The computation of the mutual torque depends on the tri-dimensional distribution of the magnetization in each one of the magnets. In the absence of an accurate-enough knowledge of these distributions, Poisson, Gauss, and their successors showed how to make the computations with a minimum number of hypotheses on them. Nevertheless physicists, in particular French ones, worked on the ‘distribution of magnetism’ in magnets; the first of them was Coulomb. We come back to this question through experiments conducted in the magnetic observatory of Chambon-la-Forêt, France. To cite this article: B. Leprêtre, J.-L. Le Mouël, C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).  相似文献   

Long term wind erosion on Mars     

John C. Armstrong  Conway B. Leovy 《Icarus》2005,176(1):57-74

Wind erosion and deposition are powerful agents of surface change on Mars. Erosion is sensitive to the atmospheric density, so feedback between orbit variations and atmospheric density can enhance the sensitivity of erosion rates to orbital parameters. We use statistics derived from a 1 Gyr integration of the spin axis of Mars, coupled with runs of the NASA Ames 3-D general circulation model (GCM) at a variety of orbital conditions and pressures, to explore this feedback. We find that wind erosion in the GCM is associated with two factors: baroclinic zone winds, and strong cross-equator solstice flows. Both of these factors are influenced by topography, producing an asymmetry in the erosion pattern between the north and the south. The erosion model, averaged over 1 Gyr, produces potential erosion rates of in the north and in the south, which increase by an order of magnitude in an early 28 mbar atmosphere. The stability of these potential erosion patterns over geological time indicates that the lowland regions of Mars are continuously eroded, and that wind is capable of revealing ancient sedimentary deposits, or eroding substantial deposits that may have otherwise been preserved.  相似文献   

Numerical investigation of seawater intrusion at Gooburrum,Bundaberg, Queensland,Australia   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Q.?ZhangEmail author  R.?E.?Volker  D.?A.?Lockington 《Hydrogeology Journal》2004,12(6):674-687

Seawater intrusion in coastal agricultural areas due to groundwater abstraction is a major environmental problem along the northeastern coast of Australia. Management options are being explored using numerical modelling, however, questions remain concerning the appropriate level of sophistication in models, choice of seaward boundary conditions, and how to accommodate heterogeneity and data uncertainty. The choice of seaward boundary condition is important since it affects the amount of salt transported into the aquifers and forms the focus of the present study. The impact of this boundary condition is illustrated for the seawater-intrusion problem in the Gooburrum aquifers, which occur within Tertiary sedimentary strata. A two-dimensional variable-density groundwater and solute-transport model was constructed using the computer code 2DFEMFAT (Cheng et al. 1998). The code was tested against an experiment for a steady-state freshwater-saltwater interface and against the Elder (Elder 1967) free-convection problem. Numerical simulations show that the imposition of the commonly-used equivalent hydrostatic freshwater heads, combined with a constant salt concentration at the seaward boundary, results in overestimated seawater intrusion in the lower Gooburrum aquifer. Since the imposition of this boundary condition allows water flow across the boundary, which subsequently takes salt into the aquifer, a careful check is essential to estimate whether too much mass of salt is introduced.

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Resumen La intrusión de agua salada en áreas agrícolas costeras a causa de la abstracción de aguas subterráneas es un problema medioambiental mayor a lo largo de la costa noreste de Australia. Se están explorando opciones de manejo mediante el uso de modelos numéricos, sin embargo, quedan pendientes cuestionamientos con respecto al nivel apropiado de sofisticación de los modelos, la elección de condiciones de límites hacia el mar y cómo acomodar la heterogeneidad y la incertidumbre de los datos. La elección de límites hacia el mar es importante ya que afecta la cantidad de sal transportada a los acuíferos y forma el centro de interés del presente estudio. Se ilustra el impacto de esta condición de límites para el problema de la intrusión de agua de mar en los acuíferos de Gooburrum, Queensland, Australia. Se construyó un modelo de transporte de solutos y de densidad variable de aguas subterráneas de dos dimensiones mediante el uso del código de computación 2DFEMFAT. El código se probó contra un experimento para una interfase de agua salada-agua dulce de estado constante y contra el problema de Elder de convexión libre. Las simulaciónes numéricas muestran que las cimas de agua dulce hidrostáticas equivalentes utlizadas comúnmente combinadas con una concentración de sal constante en el límite hacia el mar resultan en una sobreestimación de la intrusión de agua de mar en el acuífero bajo de Gooburrum. Puesto que la imposición de esta condición de límites permite flujo de agua a través de los límites, el cual subsecuentemente transporta sal al acuífero, una verificación cuidadosa es esencial para estimar si se introduce demasiada masa de sal.

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Résumé Investigations numériques de lintrusion deau de mer à Gooburrum, Bundaberg, Queensland. Lintrusion deau salée due au captage deau souterraine dans les régions agricoles situées le long de la côte Nord-Est de lAustralie est un grave problème environnemental. Des solutions à ce problème sont présentement étudiées à laide de la modélisation numérique. Cependant des questions subsistent concernant le niveau de sophistication du modèle, le choix des limites le long de lintrusion salée et la manière daccommoder lhétérogénéité et lincertitude des données. Le choix de la limite le long de lintrusion deau salée est important puisque cette limite détermine la quantité de sel transporté dans laquifère et constitue le sujet de la présente étude. Leffet du choix de cette limite est bien illustré par le problème dintrusion deau salée dans les aquifères de Gooburrum, Queensland, Australie. Un modèle bidimensionnel découlement à densité variable et de transport de solutés a été conçu en utilisant le code 2DFEMFAT. Ce code a été testé avec une expérimentation ayant pour objet lécoulement en régime permanent dune interface eau salée/eau douce. Il a aussi été mis à lépreuve par le problème de convection libre de Elder. Les simulations numériques révèlent que limposition de la limite communément utilisée, quon appelle la «charge hydrostatique équivalente deau douce», conduit, dans le cas o lon a une concentration constante en sels le long de lintrusion deau salée, à une surestimation de lintrusion deau salée dans laquifère inférieur de Gooburrum. Puisque que cest limposition de cette limite qui permet lécoulement de leau au-delà de la frontière de laquifère, ce qui introduit subséquemment du sel dans laquifère, une vérification minutieuse doit tre effectuée afin de contrôler la quantité de sel introduit.

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ITRF的发展及其在建立和维持地区性大地坐标系中的作用   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

焦文海  何涛  朱非洲 《测绘工程》2000,9(2):32-36

简要介绍了 ITRF(国际地球参考框架 )的发展情况以及它与 IGS的关系 ,讨论了它在建立和维持地区性地球参考系的作用 ,最后展望了它在建立和维持我国地心参考系中的作用  相似文献   

Transport of terrestrial organic carbon to the oceans by rivers: re-estimating flux- and burial rates   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

B. Schlünz  R. R. Schneider 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2000,88(4):599-606

 This study re-estimates one important component in the global carbon cycle: the modern global fluviatile organic carbon discharge- and burial rates. According to these results, approximately 430×10¹² g of terrestrial organic carbon are transported to the ocean in modern times. This amount is higher than the latest estimates but takes into account new data from Oceania not previously considered in global flux studies. However, only the minor amount of 10% or approximately 43×10¹² gC year^–1 is most likely buried in marine sediments. This amount is similar to the burial of marine organic carbon in the coastal ocean (55×10¹² gC year^–1). Adding both estimates gives approximately 100×10¹² gC year^–1, which is the value calculated by Berner (1982) for "terrestrial" deltaic-shelf sediments. However, the results in this study suggest that on a global scale the organic carbon content in coastal ocean sediments is not solely of terrestrial origin but a mixture of nearly equal amounts of marine and terrestrial organic carbon. The major part of the terrestrial organic carbon that enters the ocean by rivers (approximately 400×10¹² gC year^–1) seems to be either (a) remineralised in the ocean, whereas the mechanism by which the terrestrial organic carbon is oxidised in the ocean are unknown; or (b) is dispersed throughout the oceans and accumulates in pelagic sediments. Received: 9 November 1998 / Accepted: 25 May 1999  相似文献   

用边界元法计算平面分层埋入体的电磁散射     

曾德威 《成都信息工程学院学报》1993,(1)

本文结合平面边界元法和平面多极子展开法,求解平面分层埋入体的电磁散射。这种方法具有高速、占用内存少的优点。  相似文献   

华银铝厂厂区边界层温度层结特征分析   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  

周绍毅  焦明李强 《广西气象》2005,26(4):23-26

利用华银铝厂探空实测资料对厂址区域边界层内的温度层结特征进行了分析。结果表明，厂址区域内污染物的扩散能力很强，600m高度以下11、14、17时三个时次没有逆温出现，且白天的垂直气温递减率很大，湍流交换强烈，有利于污染物的扩散；夜间一般都有贴地逆温出现，且强度较大，但其厚度较小。  相似文献   

A unified global height reference system as a basis for IGGOS   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Johannes Ihde  Laura Snchez 《Journal of Geodynamics》2005,40(4-5):400

The definition of a global height reference system is based on a mean sea surface, gravity field parameters, and a three-dimensional terrestrial reference frame (TRF). Tide gauge records, satellite altimetry, gravity measurements on Earth and from space, TRF coordinates, and spirit levelling have to be combined for the realization of the vertical reference frame. Observations and parameters have to be consistent with respect to the used standards, conventions and models. They have to provide globally unified reference surfaces (geoid or quasigeoid, respectively, and mean sea surface). The continental reference systems of Europe (EUREF, ECGN) and South America (SIRGAS) are considering these requirements in their strategies. They are presented here, and slightly different definitions and realizations for a globally unified height reference system are discussed.  相似文献   

Vibrations of square and circular foundations with concentric openings on elastic half space     

D.L. Karabalis  C.-F.D. Huang 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2005,25(12):951-965

A study on the dynamic characteristics of rigid foundations with special geometries such as square or circular with concentric internal holes, is presented. The foundations are resting on a homogeneous, linear elastic halfspace and are subjected to external forces or seismic wave excitation. Both ‘relaxed’ and ‘non-relaxed’ boundary conditions at the interface between the foundation and the halfspace are considered, and several parametric studies are conducted to assess the influence of either type of boundary conditions upon each of the possible modes of vibration. Results for massive and massless foundations are presented in time and frequency domains for impulsive and harmonic excitations, respectively. A time domain boundary element method (BEM) developed by the authors for the solution of a class of 3-D soil-structure interaction (SSI) problems is used for all the analyses reported in this work. The accuracy and efficiency of the method and the BEM models developed in this work are assessed on the basis of comparison studies with published results.  相似文献   

Assessment of the cooling capacity of plate tectonics and flood volcanism in the evolution of Earth, Mars and Venus     

P. van Thienen  N.J. Vlaar  A.P. van den Berg 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2005,150(4):287-315

Geophysical arguments against plate tectonics in a hotter Earth, based on buoyancy considerations, require an alternative means of cooling the planet from its original hot state to the present situation. Such an alternative could be extensive flood volcanism in a more stagnant-lid like setting. Starting from the notion that all heat output of the Earth is through its surface, we have constructed two parametric models to evaluate the cooling characteristics of these two mechanisms: plate tectonics and basalt extrusion/flood volcanism. Our model results show that for a steadily (exponentially) cooling Earth, plate tectonics is capable of removing all the required heat at a rate of operation comparable to or even lower than its current rate of operation, contrary to earlier speculations. The extrusion mechanism may have been an important cooling agent in the early Earth, but requires global eruption rates two orders of magnitude greater than those of known Phanerozoic flood basalt provinces. This may not be a problem, since geological observations indicate that flood volcanism was both stronger and more ubiquitous in the early Earth. Because of its smaller size, Mars is capable of cooling conductively through its lithosphere at significant rates, and as a result may have cooled without an additional cooling mechanism. Venus, on the other hand, has required the operation of an additional cooling agent for probably every cooling phase of its possibly episodic history, with rates of activity comparable to those of the Earth.  相似文献