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101.
Connectivity is an important measure for assessing flow transport in rock, especially through fractures. In this paper, rock
fracture systems are modelled by a discrete fracture model simulated by a marked point process. A connectivity index is then
introduced to quantify the connectivity between any two points in space. Monte Carlo simulation is used to evaluate the connectivity
index for stationary cases and relationships between the connectivity index and the parameters of the discrete fracture model
are analysed. The average number of intersections per fracture, Xf, and the fracture intensity, P12 (P32), are calculated and the relationships between these parameters and the connectivity index are investigated, concluding that
Xf is the more suitable parameter for the classification of rock mass flow properties. The relationships between the connectivity
index and the percolation state of the fractured medium are also discussed. An edge correction is briefly discussed and a
practical example is used to demonstrate the method of computing the connectivity index. 相似文献
102.
103.
This article discusses the involvement of older women and men in voluntary work in rural communities in the Netherlands. Gender,
ageing and civil society form the core concepts in the article. Politicians and policy makers in the Netherlands are worried
about the perceived decline of civil society and about the consequences of this decline for specific categories of older women
in terms of well-being and social exclusion. The paper presents the results of two surveys of involvement of older women and
men in civic organisations, voluntary work and local actions. The surveys indicate high levels of involvement of both women
and men. No gender differences are found in activity level. However, the data demonstrate the gendered nature of civil society.
Women are more engaged in informal voluntary work and informal local actions, while men are more active in formal organisations
and functions. This gender segmentation is not absolute, however. Many older women and men transgress the traditional feminine–masculine
boundaries. The surveys highlight the involvement of women and men in rural communities, but indicate lower activity levels
in urban areas. 相似文献
104.
Dissolved trace elements in river water: spatial distribution and the influencing factor, a study for the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
T. P. Ouyang Z. Y. Zhu Y. Q. Kuang N. S. Huang J. J. Tan G. Z. Guo L. S. Gu B. Sun 《Environmental Geology》2006,49(5):733-742
Twenty-nine water samples were collected from different river channels of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, China. An inductively
coupled plasma-mass spectromonitor (ICP-MS) was used to measure concentrations of the trace elements in these samples. The
results suggest that the average concentrations of rare earth elements in river water show an increasing trend from the West
River, the North River, the rivers of the Pearl River Delta, and the Shenzhen River to the East River. Relatively high concentrations
of heavy metals appear in the East River, the rivers of the Pearl River Delta and the Shenzhen River, while the West River
and the North River have relatively low heavy metal concentrations. Trace element concentrations in samples collected near
urban or industrial areas are much higher than those of samples collected from distant areas, away from urban and industrial
areas. After natural conditions, human activities have significant influence on the trace element concentrations in river
water. This trace element concentration’s spatial distribution in the river water from the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone
is actually an integrated effect of natural conditions and human activity. 相似文献
105.
库车坳陷侏罗系煤成气动力学模拟研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
应用黄金管—高压釜封闭体系热模拟实验与GC、GC-IRMS分析技术,结合KINETICS专用软件,对库车坳陷侏罗系煤成气进行了动力学模拟研究。库车坳陷侏罗系煤具有高的产气性,在高演化阶段主要产甲烷气;侏罗系煤热解气甲烷碳同位素为-36‰~-25‰,乙烷碳同位素为-28‰~-16‰;甲烷、C2-C5气态烃的生成活化能分别为(47~64k)calm/ol、(55~72k)calm/ol,频率因子各为5.265×1013s-1、5.388×1018s-1。在此基础上,进一步探讨了克拉2气田天然气的成因。研究认为,克拉2气田天然气属阶段捕获的煤成气,主要聚集了5~1Ma时期的天然气,其成熟度Ro分布范围为1.3%~2.5%。 相似文献
106.
L.J. Hou M. Liu J.J. Lu S.Y. Xu D.N. Ou Y. Yang D.G. Zheng 《Environmental Geology》2006,49(7):937-945
The influences of exposure to the atmosphere on ammonium cycle in the intertidal surface sediments were in situ studied with
a geochemical approach at a typical station in the Yangtze Estuary during three tidal cycles in September 2003. During an
about 8-h emersion period of each diurnal tide, six high-resolution vertical profiles of adsorbed and dissolved ammonium were
measured. It was observed that both adsorbed and dissolved ammonium generally had an increasing trend in sediment cores during
the exposure. The rate of ammonium regeneration in sediments was estimated using the accumulation amount of ammonium including
adsorbed and soluble fractions during the daytime emersion. The calculation result showed that there was relatively high ammonification
rate (˜500 nmol N cm−3 day−1), which reflected that organic nitrogen in sediments was quickly decomposed with a residence time of ˜52.7 days. Due to the
dramatic temperature difference observed in sediment profiles, free convection was considered an important mechanism of regulating
the efflux of produced ammonium into overlying waters. The total estimated amount of regenerated ammonium was ˜1.35×105 t N year−1 in the intertidal flat of the Yangtze Estuary, which occupied 7.6% of the total inorganic nitrogen annually transported to
the estuarine ecosystem. 相似文献
107.
鄱阳盆地是发育在江南—九岭和怀玉—官帽基底拆离造山带上的白垩-古近纪张扭性断陷盆地,明显受近南北走向的赣江走滑断裂系和前白垩系逆冲断裂系晚期反转的双重因素控制,呈“两坳夹一隆”的区域构造格局。受赣江、进贤—石门街走滑断裂夹持的南昌凹陷,呈近南北向凹凸相间展布格局。进贤—石门街走滑断裂以东地区,“南断北超”型断陷自南而北由北东走向渐转为北北东向展布,其源于晚印支-燕山期北东向逆冲断裂在晚期的反转作用,西缘和北部受赣江断裂系东枝走滑断裂影响明显而发生转向。鄱阳盆地经历了早白垩世晚期(冷水坞组沉积期)拉分盆地、晚白垩世早-中期(周家店组—南雄组沉积早期)走滑张扭断(坳)陷盆地、晚白垩世晚期(南雄组沉积中-晚期)走滑伸展盆地和古近纪坳陷盆地等演化阶段,东南部断陷区(江埠—二甲村凹陷)由于喜马拉雅期的隆升剥蚀而只残存周家店组早期坳陷和周家店组中期—南雄组中期断陷两个发育阶段的沉积。 相似文献
108.
以南华北盆地户部寨第三系沙河阶组粉砂岩低渗透储层为例,总结了其中发育的5种类型构造裂缝组合,即:①南北向雁形张节理组成的共轭剪节理带;②东西向雁形张节理组成的共轭剪节理带;③缠结状多组剪切构造裂缝;④组合状交切的多组剪切构造裂缝及张裂缝;⑤散状无序排列的构造裂缝。在此基础上,建立光弹性试验构造物理模型,沿现应力场96°方向,均匀地对该模型逐步增加外载力。结果表明,沿各组合裂缝尖端分别形成对称于裂缝走向、且主轴垂直于裂缝的Ⅰ型等色线条纹;对称于裂缝走向、且主轴平行于裂缝走向的Ⅱ型条纹和斜交于裂缝走向的复合型(Ⅲ型)条纹。第①类组合裂缝尖端以Ⅰ型等色线条纹的拉张应力和张剪应力为主;第②类组合裂缝尖端以复合型(Ⅲ型)等色线条纹的挤压应力为主;第③、④和⑤类组合裂缝尖端的应力分布较为复杂。当模型外载荷接近1000kg时,裂缝尖端起裂,并开始发育显微裂缝,而当外载荷达1100-1200 kg时,沿裂缝尖端部位形成宏观裂缝,并开始扩展。5种类型的裂缝组合扩展发育程度由强至弱依次为:①,③,⑤,②,④。其中第①类共轭裂缝组合起裂最早,扩展最快,裂缝间的连通趋势最好,说明规则分布的构造裂缝组合,在垂直于外施加载衙时更易达到连通的目的。 相似文献
109.
110.
采用电子探针显微分析(EMPA)和粉末X射线衍射(XRD)分析了采自乌拉山金矿床含金钾长石石英脉、石英脉以及其他类型岩石中的10 0多个钾长石样品的化学成分和结果状态,并采用R和Q模式聚类分析、Spearman等级相关分析方法对实验数据进行了统计分析。结果表明,含金矿脉、岩浆热液脉和蚀变花岗岩中的钾长石为中等到最大微斜长石,其特征为K2 O含量高,但相对而言,Na2 O、CaO和BaO的含量低。其他岩石类型中的钾长石的化学成分和结果状态变化很大,可以从透长石、正长石到微斜长石,其特征为K2 O的含量相对较低,但Na2 O、CaO和BaO的含量相对较高。含金样品中的钾长石通常更富K2 O ,表明金的成矿作用与富钾的热液流体和碱质交代作用有关。乌拉山金矿床的成矿作用分为两个阶段,主要的含金钾长石石英脉中的钾长石富K2 O ,形成温度为30 7~379℃,平均为35 3℃;第二阶段含金石英脉中的钾长石含K2 O较低,形成温度为2 6 0~318℃,平均为2 81℃。这些结果表明成矿流体与岩浆热液作用有关,流体朝温度降低、K2 O含量降低的方向演化,K2 O含量高的热液流体和2 6 0~380℃的形成温度有利于金的成矿作用。 相似文献