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941.
942.
通过对豫北平原地下水的综合调查,发现其环境水文地质问题以区域地下水位下降为主,并又导致了泉水消失、湿地减少、地面沉降和地下水污染等次生环境水文地质问题的发生。在环境水文地质问题形成背景和形成条件综合分析的基础上,认为其产生的根本原因是人为活动尤其是地下水的不合理开采破坏了地下水循环系统的天然均衡状态,其演化模式具双向性。最后,提出了减少和防止豫北平原环境水文地质问题的具体措施。 相似文献
943.
Field measurement and numerical modelling of aeolian mass flux distributions on a sandy beach 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Steven L. Namikas 《Sedimentology》2003,50(2):303-326
ABSTRACT The vertical and horizontal distributions of aeolian mass flux were measured at Oceano Dunes, California, and these data were used to evaluate a numerical model of saltation. Grain‐size analyses showed that the distributions of the modal sediment size class corresponded closely to those of the total sediment population, and modelling thus focused on replicating the distributions of the mean grain size. Although much previous work has assumed that the mean launch speed of saltating particles varies in proportion to shear velocity, simulations using a constant mean launch speed were found to yield the closest approximations to the mass flux distributions observed in the field. Both exponential and gamma distributions of launch velocity produced realistic simulations, although the latter approach required the inclusion of an additional reptation component to achieve good results. A range of mean launch angles and an equivalent sphere correction were also found to generate comparable results, providing the other input parameters could be varied freely. All the modelling approaches overestimated the proportion of mass flux occurring at the bottom of the vertical distributions, and underestimated the proportion occurring at the upwind end of the horizontal distributions. No theoretical shortcoming that would account for these small, but systematic, discrepancies could be identified, and experimental error thus represents a more plausible explanation. The conclusion that mean grain launch speeds are essentially constant and independent of shear velocity suggests that the additional kinetic energy extracted by grains under more energetic wind conditions is largely transferred to the bed, and that increases in the transport rate are therefore driven primarily by the ejection of additional grains. It is suggested that the kinetic energy of rebounding grains is constrained by the ability of the bed to resist deformation, equivalent to a plastic limit. Hence, grains of larger mass (diameter) rebound from the bed at lower speeds, and follow shorter, lower trajectories, as has been widely observed previously. 相似文献
944.
945.
946.
947.
倾斜细土平原盐渍土分布规律及盐胀作用分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
刘南山 《水文地质工程地质》2002,29(4):40-42
本文通过实例分析了倾斜细土平原盐渍土分布规律及盐胀性,盐类分布在平面上呈不连续性和不均匀性,中游以硫酸盐、亚硫酸盐为主,向下游逐渐变为以氯盐、亚氯盐为主,盐胀作用也由强变弱。 相似文献
948.
Aníbal Ojeda Kuvvet Atakan Eullia Masana Pere Santanach María-Jos Jimnez Mariano García-Fernndez 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》2002,22(9-12):911-916
In this study, the influence of paleoseismic and geologic data in the seismic hazard estimation for the Catalan coastal ranges is analysed. We computed the probabilistic seismic hazard using area seismic sources with a Poissonian assumption for the earthquake occurrence. For the computations, a previously published attenuation relationship based on European strong motion data was applied. The resulting hazard estimates show similarities to the previous assessments in the region. These results were then used as a reference for comparison with other new models. In order to analyse the influence of the paleoseismic data three different models were tested. Since the number of faults that are investigated in detail are few, the same area sources that were used in the Poissonian assumption were kept in all three new models. In addition, the new paleoseismic data with faults expressed as line sources were used. In this case, a cyclic earthquake occurrence was assumed. The three models were based on the paleoseismic data with different assumptions on the time elapsed since last event. The time elapsed was set to 0, 10 and 85% of the recurrence interval in each model. The results are presented as maps showing the difference between the three models and the reference model with the Poissonian assumption. The results are given in horizontal peak ground acceleration contour maps for different return periods, also taking into account large return periods as high as 25,000 years. This is done to demonstrate the effect of large recurrence intervals found for some of the active faults. In general, we observe that for short return periods (<1000 years), the Poissonian assumption of earthquake occurrence is probably sufficient and provides a robust estimate of the hazard. However, for longer return periods (>5000 years) the effects of the paleoseismic data become increasingly significant. In order to estimate the true seismic hazard potential of this apparently low seismicity area, long-term behaviour of the possible active faults in the region needs to be investigated systematically. 相似文献
949.
In the seventeenth century, two tsunamis that were generated by earthquakes on the Kuril–Kamchatka subduction zone inundated the eastern coast of Hokkaido, northern Japan. Stratigraphic evidence for these two tsunamis and related land-level change in coastal Hokkaido consists of two landward-thinning sand layers in the sediments of Lake Tokotan, a coastal lagoon on the Hokkaido coast. The marine origin of these sand layers is indicated by the presence of brackish–marine diatoms. The rarity and high degree of fragmentation of diatom valves suggests that the sands were transported in a short time over a considerable distance. Tsunamis at this site were probably generated by great earthquakes along the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench. Volcanic ash deposits lying just above the sands suggest that tsunamis occurred in the late 17th century. Tsunamis during the historic period are not recorded in Lake Tokotan, which suggests that the sand layers were deposited by tsunamis substantially larger than historic tsunamis. 相似文献
950.
沿海经济低谷地区的制约因素与发展策略 总被引:11,自引:2,他引:11
根据世界银行的经济分类方法 ,沿海 6个省市的 72个地市中 ,有 34个属于发展相对落后的经济低谷地区。经济低谷地区主要分布在省际交界处 ,从类型上分为黄泛平原、丘陵山区和沿海库区。由于自然条件与区位、社会经济发展、城市化水平和国家宏观政策的制约 ,沿海经济低谷地区与发达地区的差异正在拉大。国家需要从基础设施建设、资源开发利用、投资环境改善以及优惠政策等方面来加快这一地区发展。 相似文献