Genetic Aspects of the Manto-type Copper Deposits Based on Geochemical Studies of North Chilean Deposits     

Shoji Kojima    Dania Trista-Aguilera    Ken-ichiro Hayashi 《Resource Geology》2009,59(1):87-98

Recent studies on mineralogy, geochronology, fluid inclusion and stable isotope (Pb, Os, S, C, O, Sr) characteristics were reviewed to determine constraints for genetic models of the Chilean manto‐type copper deposits. The Chilean manto‐type deposits are divided into the two geologic categories of the northern areas (Arica–Iquique, Tocopilla–Taltal) and the central areas (Copiapó, La Serena, Santiago). The former is distributed in the coastal range composed of Jurassic andesite‐dominated volcano‐sedimentary piles and younger plutonic intrusions, and yields chalcocite (‐digenite) and bornite as the principal hypogene copper sulfides. The latter is hosted mostly in Lower Cretaceous volcano‐sedimentary sequences, and has chalcopyrite‐rich mineral associations. The fluid inclusion data indicate that the primary copper mineralization was commonly generated in the temperature range 150–360°C under low‐pressure conditions near the boiling curve, mediated with relatively saline brines. Generally, homogeneous Pb and S isotope compositions for primary copper minerals imply direct magma source or leaching of igneous rocks. Pb and Os isotope data published for some deposits, however, suggest that ore‐forming metals were derived mainly from the volcano‐sedimentary host rocks. The noticeably negative isotope ratios of primary sulfide sulfur and hydrothermal calcite carbon of some central area deposits indicate influx of sedimentary rock components, and the high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr initial ratios of hydrothermal calcite from the Tocopilla–Taltal area deposits imply contribution of the contemporaneous seawater or marine carbonates. These isotopic constraints imply a formation mechanism in which the Chilean manto‐type copper deposits formed epigenetically in the process of hydrothermal interaction of non‐magmatic surface‐derived brine with the volcano‐sedimentary host rocks, which is inferred to have been induced by a deep‐seated plutonic complex as the possible heat source.  相似文献   

豫西骆驼山硫多金属矿床的成因——来自纹层状矿石中硫化物LA-ICP-MS微量元素证据   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

邢波  向君峰  叶会寿  陈小丹  张国苏  杨晨英  金雪  胡志中 《矿床地质》2017,36(1):83-106

骆驼山硫多金属矿床位于豫西栾川钼多金属矿集区,矿体主要呈似层状和透镜状产于新元古界栾川群三川组和南泥湖组的层间断裂带内的矽卡岩中,受NWW向层间断裂带的控制。该矿床在成因方面的争论的焦点在于:是否存在元古代的喷流沉积成矿作用?具有纹层状构造的硫化物矿石以往被认为是喷流沉积成因矿床的关键证据,但这种矿石结构也可能为热液交代成因。通过详细的野外地质观察,纹层状矿石在空间上主要产于矽卡岩与致密块状硫化物矿石之间,在透辉石长英角岩、矽卡岩及大理岩等围岩中也有分布,纹层状矿石交代了矽卡岩。针对纹层状矿石中的金属硫化物开展LA-ICP-MS原位微区分析,结果表明:(1)闪锌矿形成于中高温环境,其微量元素以富Fe、Mn、In、Co(均值分别为8.5%、6144×10~(-6)、321×10~(-6)和28.54×10~(-6)),贫Ga、Ge、Tl(均值分别为4.31×10~(-6)、0.98×10~(-6)和0.0476×10~(-6))等元素为特征;(2)磁黄铁矿和黄铁矿的微量元素组成均具有富Co(均值分别为57.75×10~(-6)和2787.68×10~(-6))、贫Ni(均值分别为19.24×10~(-6)和11.29×10~(-6))的特征,二者的Ni-Co关系图指示其与岩浆热液密切相关。以地质现象为基础,结合硫化物原位微区分析数据,笔者认为骆驼山硫多金属矿床中的纹层状矿石属于岩浆热液成因。  相似文献   

Geological setting of the Rapu Rapu gold-rich volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits,Albay Province,Philippines     

Ross?L.?SherlockEmail author  Timothy?J.?Barrett  Peter?D.?Lewis 《Mineralium Deposita》2003,38(7):813-830

Gold-rich Fe–Cu–Zn volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits occur within strata of probable Jurassic age on Rapu Rapu Island in Albay Province, Philippines. Massive sulfides at the Ungay Malobago and Hixbar deposits are spatially associated with dacitic volcanic rocks within a highly-deformed sequence of mafic volcanic and quartzofeldspathic sedimentary rocks. The massive sulfide deposits formed at the stratigraphic contact between footwall dacites and hangingwall mafic volcanic and quartzofeldspathic rocks. The deposits and their host strata have undergone regional metamorphism with strong penetrative deformation. Metamorphic mineral assemblages and textural evidence suggest that peak metamorphism was upper-greenschist to lower-amphibolite grade and syn-D₁ deformation. Based on the age of regional metamorphism, deformation is inferred to be mid-Tertiary in age. Deformation at Rapu Rapu resulted in reorientation of the strata into a broad antiform with strong shallow-plunging elongation fabrics, overturning of the volcanic sequence that hosts the Ungay Malobago deposit, and complex folding of the mineralized zones. The present highly linear form of the Ungay Malobago deposit is mainly a product of this ductile strain.Immobile element ratios for a given lithology generally remain constant in saprolitic samples, and thus provide an effective identification tool even in strongly weathered rocks. Lithogeochemical data define a bimodal volcanic suite that is comparable to bimodal assemblages that occur in several modern back-arc basins in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, including those behind the Vanuatu and the New Britain arcs. On Rapu Rapu, the dacitic rocks are enriched in light REE and have high Zr/Y ratios, which indicates a calc–alkaline affinity and suggests a mature island-arc setting. The quartzofeldspathic sedimentary rocks are more widespread than the dacites and have notably lower Zr/Y ratios; they may have been derived from erosion of a distant volcanic arc. The mafic volcanic rocks are dominantly low-K arc tholeiites of basaltic to andesitic composition, but with modest enrichment in the light REE; comparable rocks can be found in the Vanuatu and New Britain back-arc basins.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-003-0349-0An erratum to this article can be found at Editorial handling: O. Christensen  相似文献   

Tl2S—Ag2S假二元系相平衡的实验研究     

杨家余 Sobo.  RJ 《矿产与地质》1997,11(1):58-62

用抽真空石英管在干体系中对Ａｇ２Ｓ－Ｔｌ２Ｓ假二元系在２５０℃下变温切面相平衡进行了实验研究。Ａｇ２Ｓ－Ｔｌ２Ｓ假二元系在２５０℃存在三个三元合成相，它们分别为ＴｌＡｇＳ、Ａｇ２９Ｔｌ１１Ｓ２０和Ａｇ１７Ｔｌ３Ｓ１０，后两个相是该实验首次合成  相似文献   

The Acoje Block Platiniferous Dunite Horizon, Zambales Ophiolite Complex, Philippines: Melt Type and Associated Geochemical Controls   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Graciano P. YUMUL Jr. 《Resource Geology》2001,51(2):165-174

Abstract: The Zambales Ophiolite Complex, a supra-subduction zone ophiolite, is made up of the mid-ocean ridge-related Coto block and the island arc-related Acoje block. This crust-mantle sequence hosts platinum-group elements (PGE) in the Acoje block. The melts responsible for the PGE-bearing nickel sulfide and chromitite deposits are of magmatic origin characterized by high-MgO basalt to boninitic composition which, being second or third-stage melts, carry higher PGE budgets. Metal ratio diagrams, utilizing base and precious metals, reveal that the distribution and deposition of the PGE in the Acoje block are affected by olivine, chromite and sulfide crystallization. The generation, accumulation and segregation of the PGE, oxide and sulfide minerals from the melts are governed by the combined factors of high degrees of partial melting, multiple melt replenishment with concomitant magma mixing and fractional crystallization. Although previous sulfide segregation events could have occurred below the PGE-bearing nickel sulfide horizon as shown by the Ni/Cu (>1), the Cu/Pd and Ni/Pd strongly suggest that the main platiniferous zone is confined within the Acoje block transition zone dunite.  相似文献   

萃取富集—ICP—AES测定地质样品中痕量镓铟铊   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  

汤志勇  金泽祥 《岩矿测试》1991,10(2):100-102

本文研究了分步萃取-ICP-AES法测定地质试样中痕量Ga、In和Tl的最佳条件。首先在pH9左右,用吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸铵(APLC)-甲基异丁酮(MIBK)萃取In和Tl,然后在6mol/LHCl介质中用MIBK萃取Ga,再将有机相分别直接引入ICP-AES进行测定。方法较简便实用,经地质标样验证,结果满意。  相似文献   

Removal of lead minerals from copper industrial flotation concentrates by xanthate flotation in the presence of dextrin     

Jan Drzymala  Janusz Kapusniak  Piotr Tomasik 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2003,70(1-4):147-155

Potato starch and dextrins resulting from thermolysis of potato starch in the absence of reagents and presence of -amino acids are promising depressants for separation of lead and copper minerals present in the Polish industrial copper concentrates. The polysaccharides were used for differential xanthate flotation of the final industrial concentrates produced by flotation with sulfhydryl collectors in the absence of depressants. The polysaccharides depressed galena and provided froth concentrate rich in chalcocite and other copper minerals as well as cell product containing lead minerals. The best results of separation were obtained in the presence of plain dextrin prepared by a thermal degradation of potato starch. The industrial concentrate containing 18.5% Cu and 5.5% Pb was divided into a froth product containing 38.1% Cu with 77% recovery of copper and a cell product assaying 7.3% Pb with 83% recovery of lead. It was accomplished using 2500 g/t of dextrin, 50g/t of potassium ethyl xanthate, and 50 g/t of frother (α-terpineol). The pH of flotation was 8.0–8.2.  相似文献   

安徽铜陵矿集区海西期喷流沉积流体系统时空结构   总被引：20，自引：3，他引：20  

杨竹森  侯增谦  蒙义峰  曾普胜  李红阳  徐文艺  田世洪  王训诚  姚孝德  姜章平 《矿床地质》2004,23(3):281-297

铜陵矿集区是长江中下游成矿带七大矿集区之一，构造上经历了晚古生代的陆缘裂陷、中三叠世的陆-陆碰撞和侏罗纪—白垩纪的陆内构造-岩浆活动。晚石炭世的海底喷流沉积形成了广泛分布的块状硫化物，除部分构成块状硫化物矿床外，还为燕山期中酸性岩浆活动形成的矽卡岩型矿床提供了部分硫和金属物质。为了查明海西期喷流沉积流体系统及其时空展布特征，在铜陵矿集区内开展了以流体活动记录为对象的蚀变-流体填图工作。结果显示，海西期喷流沉积流体系统不仅形成以块状硫化物为主体的喷流沉积记录，而且在下伏岩系中遗留了区域规模的流体蚀变记录。以块状硫化物为主体的喷流沉积记录构成3个喷流沉积旋回，在垂向上和横向上均具有成分和结构的分带性。流体蚀变记录在上部构成顺层蚀变带，在中部构成沿断裂和裂隙充填的石英一硫化物脉体群。在下部则构成半整合蚀变带，表明喷流沉积流体系统由下渗的海水在下部半整合蚀变带形成储集区，经高地热异常的加热后，沿中部脉体群向上迁移，在进入顺层蚀变带后沿砂岩层向两侧扩散，最后经同生断裂和裂隙向海底喷出。块状硫化物与蚀变岩、喷流沉积旋回及硫化物硫同位素的空间展布特征，显示区内存在3个受基底断裂控制的NWW向延伸的流体活动域，包含6个以上的流体储集区域，每个流体储集区域之上发育多个流体上升中心和海底喷流中心。  相似文献   

Pb—Sn—Fe—Sb—S体系相关系     

吴大清 《矿物学报》1989,9(3):232-240

用抽空石英管法研究以Fe_(0·96) Sb_(2·04) S_(4·12)为投影顶点,8×(PbS-SnS-SnS_2)为投影平面的Pb-Sn-Fe-Sb-S体系的相图表明,由于Pb(?)Sn~(2+)之间互相取代,500℃时辉锑锡铅矿固溶体中Sn~(2+)变化范围(以单位分子式11个金属原子总数为计量)是0—4.8个原子,400℃时则为0—4.0个原子。同时,Sn~(4+)变化范围是1.3—2.3个原子和1.5—2.1个原子。圆柱锡矿固溶体变化范围较小。500℃时Sn~(2+)变化范围是0.4—1.8个原子,400℃时为0.5—1.7。Sn~(+4)变化范围则分别为3.2—4.2个原子和3.3—4.2个原子。变更Fe含量(0.81—1.09)及Sb含量(1.83—2.29)进行的几组合成实验表明,上述两个矿物中Fe、Sb含量变化范围很小,不超过±0.15个原子。辉锑锡铅矿固溶体可与方铅矿、块硫锑铅矿、针硫锑铅矿、硫锡铅矿、硫锡矿、圆柱锡矿等形成平衡结线。而圆柱锡矿不与方铅矿、硫锡矿、硫锡铅矿形成平衡结线,但可与辉锑矿、SnS_2及上述其他矿物形成平衡结线。结合锡的硫化物及氧化物(锡石)热力学稳定场计算表明,在本体系内辉锑锡铅矿在300℃时稳定区的硫活度在lga_(s2)=-20(atm)附近,氧活度小于lga_(o2)=-40(atm),而圆柱锡矿稳定区硫活度大于lga_(s2)=-10(atm)。  相似文献   

Diffusion of osmium in pyrrhotite and pyrite: implications for closure of the Re–Os isotopic system     

James M. Brenan  Daniele J. Cherniak  Lesley A. Rose 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2000,180(3-4):399-413

In order to better constrain the extent to which common sulfide minerals will retain their osmium isotopic composition subsequent to crystallization, we have conducted experiments to quantify the diffusion behavior of osmium in pyrite and pyrrhotite. Experiments consisted of either (1) isothermal soaking of diffusion couples consisting of natural pyrite or pyrrhotite crystals packed against powdered Os-bearing Fe-sulfide or (2) ‘relaxation’ of initially high near-surface osmium concentrations produced in the latter experiments (pyrite only). Osmium penetration into samples was characterized by depth profiling using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) (pyrite) or electron microprobe analyses across sectioned run products (pyrrhotite). Results of the first type of diffusion experiment involving pyrite show only limited osmium penetration into sample surfaces, with the extent of penetration uncorrelated with run duration. Images of pyrite samples using atomic force microscopy show roughening of initially smooth surfaces as a consequence of step formation and suggest that osmium incorporation into the near-surface occurred by solute uptake during step growth and not by volume diffusion. Prolonged (1000⁺ h) ‘relaxation’ experiments revealed no additional osmium penetration into pyrite surfaces and based on the depth resolution for RBS, a maximum diffusion coefficient of 2.5×10⁻²³ m²/s at 500°C was calculated. Experiments involving pyrrhotite over the temperature range of 950–1100°C showed extensive osmium uptake and osmium concentration gradients that conform with Fickian diffusion behavior. We found that pyrrhotite Fe/S could be varied by changes in the composition of the starting material and osmium source and over the range of Fe/S produced in experiments (molar Fe/S=0.83–0.90), we observed no systematic variation in the osmium diffusion coefficient. Diffusion coefficients measured parallel to the a crystallographic axis were on average 1.4× higher than values measured parallel to c and regression of the c-axis data yielded the Arrhenius relation:The application of these diffusion data to simple models of diffusive exchange during static or polythermal time–temperature histories is used to assess the conditions under which radiogenic osmium will be retained. During isothermal annealing, calculations indicate that the cores of millimeter-sized spherical pyrrhotite crystals undergoing diffusive exchange with an external osmium reservoir will have their initial compositions perturbed in ≤0.5 Ma at temperatures exceeding 400°C. Pyrite undergoing the same process at 500°C requires in excess of 10 Ma before crystal cores are affected. The relatively short ‘core retention’ time-scales for pyrrhotite indicates that this mineral may be prone to isotopic resetting following relatively brief crustal thermal events, thus possibly accounting for the scatter that commonly occurs in Re–Os isochrons generated from massive sulfide samples. Calculated closure temperatures (T_c) for osmium exchange in pyrrhotite yielded values of 300–400°C for grain sizes ranging from 10 to 1000 μm. These values of T_c are similar to those calculated for Ar retention in biotite, and considerably lower than for Sr in apatite and plagioclase, for example. Such low closure temperatures for pyrrhotite suggest this mineral will date the final stage in the cooling of a magmatic system and possibly be susceptible to open system osmium exchange in the presence of late-stage hydrothermal fluids. This latter result infers that caution be applied when interpreting elevated initial osmium isotopic ratios as a product of crustal assimilation at the magmatic stage.  相似文献