The trade regime and the climate regime: institutional evolution and adaptation     

Thomas L. Brewer 《Climate Policy》2003,3(4):329-341

This article addresses concerns that the multilateral trade regime centered in the WTO and the emerging climate regime may conflict in ways that could be damaging to either or both. The article discusses the institutional and diplomatic context of these concerns, and it identifies the kinds of issues that are in question. The analysis suggests that there are opportunities for win–win outcomes in the interactions of the two regimes, for instance in the possibility of reducing fossil fuel subsidies. However, there are also problematic areas where they intersect. A core issue—and as yet an unresolved one—is whether and how emission credit trading and other activities envisioned by the Kyoto Protocol would be subject to WTO rules. The resolution of this issue will affect many other issues as well. Additional specific issues about the interactions of particular provisions in WTO agreements and the Kyoto Protocol are analyzed in a subsequent companion article in Climate Policy.  相似文献   

用于地震定位的SAMS方法   总被引：6，自引：3，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文

高星  王卫民  姚振兴 《地球物理学报》2002,45(4):525-532

由于地震定位受发震时刻与震源深度间强烈的折衷关系的困扰及反演问题的非线性影响,该问题一直未得到根本解决. 为此,本文提出了一种新的定位方法--SAMS法,该方法利用走时残差和到时残差之绝对值极小作为目标函数,用快速模拟退火法求解反演问题的解答. 并将该方法用于1999年9月21日台湾集集地震的再定位,其结果与其他方法相比,SAMS方法不仅降低了发震时刻与震源深度间的折衷关系对定位结果的影响,而且其定位结果具有很高的稳定性和分辨率.  相似文献   

Geography of asbestos contamination near the World Trade Center site     

William C. Thayer  Daniel A. Griffith  Gary L. Diamond 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2007,21(5):461-471

Despite the dust cleanup and indoor air testing program led by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and offered to all residents of Lower Manhattan (south of Canal Street), concern remains about local chemical residues from the collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) buildings. Data on post-cleanup indoor airborne asbestos concentration, available from EPA Region 2, were analyzed to assess the possibility that the WTC site is the source of geographically concentrated rare post-cleanup exceedances of the health-based standard for asbestos. Recognizing that these rare exceedances may be attributable to sources other than the WTC disaster, and that these sources are very likely to exhibit geographic patterns, the data were analyzed using a spatial filter specification of the auto-Poisson probability model. Our analysis shows that ignoring geographic patterns latent in these exceedances affects the empirical probability of exceeding the health-based standards for airborne asbestos. We did not find any statistically-significant geographic pattern in the exceedance events that would indicate the WTC site as the source of the post-cleanup exceedances. Apparent geographic patterns may be due to the geographic variability in sampling intensity. Our analysis indicates the Residential Dust Cleanup Program lead by EPA Region 2 has been effective at reducing the concentration of air-borne asbestos in indoor air to below the health-based benchmark.  相似文献   

Fair Trade market creation and marketing in the Global South     

《Geoforum》2015

Fair Trade emerged to commercialise Southern products in the Global North on terms overtly beneficial to Southern producers. However, a contemporary phenomenon is the development of Fair Trade consumer markets within the Global South itself: and the paper explores this as a contribution to the evolving geographies of ethical consumerism. Data was captured from secondary sources and field visits that included in-depth interviews and participant observation. Analysis is informed by theories of market creation developed in economic geography and economic sociology. As such we focus on understanding (1) the architecture, or networks and institutions, of commercialisation, governance and certification and (2) the marketing practices and strategies, designed to resonate with and develop cognitive association amongst consumers. Given the alternative geographies of South–South vis-à-vis South–North Fair Trade, we deepen the geographical focus by applying frameworks emerging from the concept of ‘geographical entanglement’. Findings identify the similarities and differences of both Southern Fair Trade market creation and marketing compared to the European experience. In some cases, the place-based ‘othering’, often used to develop sympathetic cognitive frames in Northern marketing, is identified, but this time operates around alternative geographical binaries. In other cases, we highlight instances that avoid such divisive place-making, and which instead draw on inclusive, rather than divisive, imagined geographies, overlaid with the collective aspiration for development, pride and dignity. These findings therefore inform the nature of geographical entanglement followed by ethical market creation, as well as contributing to the wider theoretical understanding of moral geographies endogenous to the Global South.  相似文献   

西安国际港务区物流枢纽辐射范围测度     

李兆磊  张雅琪 《地域研究与开发》2015,(4)

物流枢纽辐射范围的测度是有效统计物流枢纽服务量、科学规划设计物流枢纽的前提和基础。在物流枢纽辐射机理分析的基础上,结合物流枢纽辐射范围影响因素,分别基于辐射强度、辐射媒介和互动作用因素对物流枢纽辐射范围进行了测度。最后综合三者得出物流枢纽直接辐射范围、间接辐射范围和泛辐射范围,并以西安国际港务区为例,对其辐射范围进行了测度。研究结果表明:如要扩大物流枢纽直接辐射范围,必须有效协调物流枢纽的辐射强度、辐射媒介以及互动作用因素。  相似文献   

Beyond techno-science: Transgenic maize in the fight over Mexico’s future     

Kathleen McAfee 《Geoforum》2008,39(1):148-160

Disputes about genetically engineered crops are linked to wider debates about the globalization of agro-food systems and its consequences for food security, social equity, and rural life. Biotechnology expert discourse rarely addresses these wider issues. An exception is the assessment of transgenic maize by the NAFTA Commission on Environmental Cooperation (CEC), which recommended a moratorium on Mexican imports of US-grown maize. Controversy about “contamination” of indigenous maize varieties by US-grown transgenic corn has been intensified by rising Mexican discontent with the terms of regional economic integration. In this context, scientists and officials were pressured to consider not only risks to maize biodiversity but also the ecological, and cultural characteristics of maize in its Mexican settings and the implications of asymmetric power in North American agricultural trade. In contrast to most narrowly-framed biotechnology risk assessments, the review took account of interventions by rural social movements. While the new moratorium was not adopted by the state, continuing conflicts over GMOs in Mexico have blocked introduction of transgenic maize and have enlarged the political space for debate over Mexico’s development direction. These conflicts reflect the differing interests of various state actors and economic sectors with regard to trade liberalization. They also reveal contrasting food-system paradigms: further agricultural modernization, export competition, and food-import dependence versus an alternative vision of revitalized rural life, farmers’ rights, and national food sovereignty.  相似文献   

尼日利亚奥贡广东自贸区发展历程与产业聚集研究   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

孟广文  王春智  杜明明  王继光  赵钏  鲁笑男  王红梅 《地理科学》2018,38(5):727-736

利用贸易结合度指数分析中尼双方相互贸易依赖程度,总结中国对尼贸易与投资特征;在回顾尼日利亚奥贡广东自贸区的发展历程基础上,利用EG指数分析园区产业聚集程度,得出了园区多数产业集聚度较高,并符合尼日利亚鼓励先锋行业要求的结果;通过对结果的分析与讨论,总结目前园区在产业、基础设施、东道国政治经济环境等方面面临的挑战;最后从政府与企业两方面提出园区产业优化与发展的建议。  相似文献   

Towards a typology of interactions between small-scale fisheries and global seafood trade     

《Marine Policy》2016

Fish and fish-related products are among the most highly traded commodities globally and the proportion of globally harvested fish that is internationally traded has steadily risen over time. Views on the benefits of international seafood trade diverge, partly as a result from adopting either an aggregate national focus or a focus on local market actors. However, both views generally assume that the trade in question is characterized by export of fisheries resources to international markets. This is potentially misleading as empirical evidence suggests that import of seafood can also have impacts on local SSF dynamics. A systematic analysis of the different ways in which local production systems connect to international seafood markets can therefore help shed more light on why small-scale fisheries exhibit such differences in outcomes as they engage in an increasingly global seafood trade. This paper conducts a synthesis across 24 cases from around the world and develops a typology of small-scale fisheries and how they connect to and interact with international seafood trade. The analysis is based on key features drawn from trade theory regarding how trade interacts with local production. The implications of the findings for social and ecological sustainability of small-scale fisheries are discussed with the aim of identifying further research topics which deserve attention to better inform trade policy for more sustainable fisheries and more just wealth distribution from their trade.  相似文献   

The EU restrictive trade measures against IUU fishing     

《Marine Policy》2016

The opportunities for operators to increase their revenue when illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing catches are converted to currency through the market encourage the persistence and growth of this activity. It is often the same market that is targeted for the legal trade of fish. Thus, paradoxically, the market demand creates and incites it, at least from an economic point of view. To deter IUU fishing activities, some fish and fishery products importing countries have started to enact or implement additional regulatory measures, the goal of which is to tackle the problem from a new trade-related perspective. This contribution provides an analysis of various aspects of the market state competence. Within the framework of the European Union (rights and markets) the study analyses the emergence of regional trade-related measures and explore how they are linked to the international trade law regime especially the World Trade Organization rules. Finally, the paper draws implications for the market state measures and considers their limits and potential in combatting IUU fishing.  相似文献   

Global trade in fish and fishery products: An overview     

《Marine Policy》2016

Global trade in fishery products plays a significant role in shaping the harvesting and use of fish, and therefore will be an important part of a transition to sustainable fisheries. This article provides an overview of global trade flows in fish and fishery products as well as future trends affecting the sector. It then moves on to review trade policy measures applied in major producing and importing countries, including tariff, non-tariff measures, and fisheries subsidies. It ends with an overview of recent developments in international frameworks governing trade in fish and fishery products at the global, regional and national levels.  相似文献