Characterization of the solar light field within the ocean mesopelagic zone based on radiative transfer simulations     

《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2014

The solar light field within the ocean from the sea surface to the bottom of the mesopelagic zone was simulated with a radiative transfer model that accounts for the presence of inelastic radiative processes associated with Raman scattering by water molecules, fluorescence of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and fluorescence of chlorophyll-a contained in phytoplankton. The simulation results provide a comprehensive characterization of the ambient light field and apparent optical properties (AOPs) across the entire visible spectral range within the depth range 200–1000 m of the entire mesopelagic zone for varying chlorophyll-a concentration and seawater optical properties in the mixed surface layer of the ocean. With increasing depth in the mesopelagic zone, the solar irradiance is reduced by ~9–10 orders of magnitude and exhibits a major spectral maximum in the blue, typically centered around a light wavelength of 475 nm. In the green and red spectral regions, the light levels are significantly lower but still important owing to local generation of photons via inelastic processes, mostly Raman scattering and to a lesser extent CDOM fluorescence. The Raman scattering produces a distinct secondary maximum in irradiance spectra centered around 565 nm. Comparisons of our results with light produced by the radioactive decay of the unstable potassium isotope contained in sea salt (⁴⁰K) indicates that the solar irradiance dominates over the ⁴⁰K-produced irradiance within the majority of the mesopelagic zone for most scenarios considered in our simulations. The angular distribution of radiance indicates the dominance of downward propagation of light in the blue and approach to uniform distribution in the red throughout the mesopelagic zone. Below the approximate depth range 400–500 m, the shape of the angular distribution is nearly invariant with increasing depth in the green and red and varies weakly in the blue. The AOPs at any light wavelength also assume nearly constant values within the deeper portion of the mesopelagic zone. These results indicate that the mesopelagic light field reaches a nearly-asymptotic regime at depths exceeding ~400–500 m.  相似文献   

金山三岛滩涂水下地形演变浅析          下载免费PDF全文

王万胜 《海洋开发与管理》2017,34(7):80-84

文章采用GPS-RTK技术进行2016年金山三岛滩涂水下地形测量,绘制金山三岛滩涂水下地形云图,并与2014年和2015年滩涂水下地形测量结果进行对比,得出以下结论:金山三岛连线左右1km之内的地形起伏变化大,小金山岛南北侧各有一条深坑,大小金山岛之间有一条贯穿东西向的深槽,它的形成与涨落潮流不一致以及人为活动有关,大金山岛与浮山岛之间有一类似山脊样的地形,浮山岛南侧也有一深坑存在。近3年金山三岛滩涂水下地形变化不大,局部小范围内有淤积和冲刷。定期对三岛滩涂水下地形进行测量可以掌握其变化规律,为管理部门提供管理基础资料。  相似文献   

The economic contribution of the muck dive industry to tourism in Southeast Asia     

《Marine Policy》2017

Scuba diving tourism has the potential to be a sustainable source of income for developing countries. Around the world, tourists pay significant amounts of money to see coral reefs or iconic, large animals such as sharks and manta rays. Scuba diving tourism is broadening and becoming increasingly popular, a novel type of scuba diving which little is known about, is muck diving. Muck diving focuses on finding rare, cryptic species that are seldom seen on coral reefs. This study investigates the value of muck diving, its participant and employee demographics and potential threats to the industry. Results indicate that muck dive tourism is worth more than USD$ 150 million annually in Indonesia and the Philippines combined. It employs over 2200 people and attracts more than 100,000 divers per year. Divers participating in muck dive tourism are experienced, well-educated, have high incomes, and are willing to pay for the protection of species crucial to the industry. Overcrowding of dive sites, pollution and conflicts with fishermen are reported as potential threats to the industry, but limited knowledge on these impacts warrants further research. This study shows that muck dive tourism is a sustainable form of nature based tourism in developing countries, particularly in areas where little or no potential for traditional coral reef scuba diving exists.  相似文献   

泥河湾盆地的水下黄土堆积及其古气候意义   总被引：17，自引：1，他引：17  

夏正楷 《地理学报》1992,47(1):58-65,T001

本文论述了泥河湾盆地第四纪河湖相地层中水下黄土堆积的特征，认为水下黄土堆积是介于气下黄土堆积河湖相沉积之间的一种过渡类型，水下黄土和气下黄土都是干冷气候条件下的产物，而河湖相沉积则形成于相对温湿的气候环境。在沉积剖面中水下黄土和河湖相沉积交替出现，形成水下黄土－河湖相沉积系列，这个系列反映了气候的周期性变化，它可以与我国洛川剖面的黄土－古土壤系列及深海岩芯V28－239的氧同侠素气候期，很好地进行对比。这为我国华北第四纪古气候地层序列的建立，又提供了一个重要的途径。  相似文献   

皖南晚震旦世中、浅海沉积环境--以滑塌砾岩层、硅质风暴岩为例证   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

余心起  舒良树  邓平  王德恩  支利赓 《沉积学报》2003,21(3):398-403

皖南歙县、休宁一带晚震旦世下部兰田组上段钙硅质岩中发现碎屑流引起的滑塌砾岩层,上部皮园村组硅质岩中发现浊积岩夹层及风暴流沉积层,表明皖南地区晚震旦世应为半深海-浅海环境,而非通常所说的深海环境.  相似文献   

提高水下地形测量GPS定位精度的探讨     

李宇  马洪蛟 《现代测绘》2004,27(1):42-43

在近海、湖泊等水下地形的测量中，GPS与测深仪联用越来越广泛，GPS在水下地形测量中的定位精度受到诸多因素的影响，如GPS的安装、采集数据的后处理等。本文从安装方式、采集数据的可靠性分析和由各种原因引起的实时偏差修正等若干方面进行了研究探索。  相似文献   

水下差分GPS定位系统差自修正迭代算法研究     

薛树强  党亚民  成英燕 《全球定位系统》2006,31(6):47-50

在水下差分GPS定位中，星形空间网具有良好的图形强度，可以快速得到一定精度的初始坐标解。本文研究了水下差分GPS定位模型及其算法，并提出了一种系统差自修正迭代算法，以提高水下定位的可靠性。  相似文献   

A bottom-up methodology for integrating underwater video and acoustic mapping for seafloor substrate classification     

Christopher N. Rooper  Mark Zimmermann 《Continental Shelf Research》2007

A method that links acoustic mapping data to underwater video observations of seafloor substrate is described for use in defining fish habitat. Three study areas in the Aleutian Islands were acoustically mapped using sidescan and multibeam sonar. The sidescan sonar data were used to compute average reflectivity (hardness) and seafloor complexity. The multibeam depth data were used to determine local slope, rugosity (seafloor roughness) and relative height. Underwater video was collected from three to four transects in each of the three study areas. The underwater video was used to classify the seafloor into nine observed primary and secondary substrate classes. A statistical relationship between the observed (video) and the remotely sensed (acoustic) seafloor characteristics was estimated using a classification tree. The best classification tree utilized rugosity, reflectivity and complexity data and produced misclassification rates of less than 25% overall. Mean grain size of sediment samples was not strongly related to the acoustic data. Error rates were highest for those substrate classes with the smallest number of data points. The results highlight the need for adequate sample sizes and coverage of all potential substrate types when groundtruthing acoustic maps.  相似文献   

中-晚二叠世上扬子地块(四川盆地区)裂解的沉积响应     

邓莉  闫全人  宋博  高山林 《岩石学报》2021,37(8):2465-2482

中-晚二叠世,上扬子(四川盆地区)碳酸盐岩台地内发育三条北西-南东走向的裂谷,它们是重要的油气储集区带,如普光和元坝气田就产于开江-梁平裂谷两侧。但是对这些裂谷的开始时代和构造成因等关键地质问题,还缺乏详细的沉积学研究,且存在较大争议。本文通过大比例露头剖面和钻井岩芯测量以及详细的沉积相分析对比,对开江-梁平裂谷的构造沉积过程进行了深入细致的研究。调查发现,在开江-梁平裂谷北缘,中二叠统栖霞组上段至茅口组2段发育大规模斜坡相碳酸盐岩滑塌堆积,揭上扬子地块四川盆地区于中二叠世栖霞晚期开始发生伸展裂解。茅口组3段至上二叠统长兴组为超覆于滑塌堆积之上的硅质岩和碳-硅质泥岩等深水盆地相沉积,表明开江-梁平裂谷从中二叠世茅口晚期开始由伸展裂解转变为区域沉降,即开江-梁平裂谷经历了伸展裂解和区域沉降两个构造沉积阶段。伸展裂解阶段,开江-梁平裂谷是一个发育于碳酸盐岩台地内的不对称海相半地堑盆地,北侧为发育大规模碳酸盐岩滑塌堆积的下盘断斜坡带,南侧为发育缓斜坡生物碎屑滩和礁灰岩的上盘缓斜坡带;区域沉降阶段,开江-梁平裂谷表现为东翘西降的不均匀沉降,发育自东向西不断进积的潮坪-潟湖相和高能浅滩相沉积等。本文研究成结果对分析和圈定四川盆地区中-晚二叠世油气储集相带的时空分布具有重要科学意义,也为研究碳酸盐岩滑塌堆积提供了一个新范例。  相似文献   

Origin of Franciscan blueschist-bearing melange at San Simeon,central California coast     

John P. Platt 《International Geology Review》2015,57(5-8):843-853

Block-in-matrix melanges at San Simeon have been variously interpreted as deformed olistostromes or as subduction-channel flow melanges. Detailed examination shows that seven types can be distinguished, with transitions among them. All contain exotic clasts of greenstone, chert, and more rarely blueschist, in addition to greywacke; the same materials also occur as blocks metres to tens of metres in diameter immersed in melange. The seven types are (1) bedded conglomerate, (2) structureless conglomerate, (3) mud-matrix conglomerate, (4) sandy block melange, (5) broken formation, (6) mud-matrix melange without deformational fabric, and (7) sheared melange. Types (1)–(3) are clearly sedimentary in origin. Types (4) and (5) were formed from unconsolidated sediment, most likely by down-slope sliding, and transitional types suggest that the mud-matrix melange (6) formed in the same way. Sheared melange (7) was formed by low-temperature post-consolidational deformation of all other types, which produced shear bands and a crude scaly fabric.

Kinematic indicators of shear direction are rare, but assuming the fabric and shear bands are coeval, the shear direction and sense can be determined from the angular relationship between the two planar fabrics. Most shear planes are gently dipping, with normal-sense displacements of a few centimetres to tens of centimetres. Shear directions are highly variable, with the highest concentrations between WNW and S. This suggests that the main phase of shearing took place during a phase of approximately vertical shortening and horizontal extension, rather than during accretion. Post-accretionary dextral shearing on NNW-trending vertical planes, and sinistral shear on a variety of trends, are likely related to Neogene transform tectonics. The simplest interpretation of these relationships is that the disrupted character of the melanges formed primarily by sliding down the trench inner slope of unconsolidated sediment, including clasts and blocks of previously accreted and exhumed greenstone, chert, and blueschist. The deformational fabric is largely unrelated to the disruption, and was formed during late-stage extension in the accretionary wedge.  相似文献