Dynamic changes and transitions of agricultural landscape patterns in mountainous areas: A case study from the hinterland of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area     

HUANG Mengqin  LI Yangbing  RAN Caihong  LI Mingzhen 《地理学报(英文版)》2022,32(6):1039-1058

Analyzing the agricultural landscape patterns in mountainous areas is critical to clarify the dynamic changes and development direction of agricultural landscapes. This also plays a significant role in the rational planning and management of agricultural land. A theoretical framework for agricultural landscape pattern transitions in mountainous areas is proposed to fill the gap of current research with an empirical study in the Caotangxi Watershed, Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA), China. The transition characteristics of agricultural landscape patterns from 2000 to 2018 as represented by sloping farmland, abandoned land, and orchards are analyzed from a holistic-local perspective. The results indicate that the orchards expanded along river valleys, and abandoned land expanded at high elevations, which led to reduced sloping farmland. This phenomenon gives regional landscape differences at the holistic and local levels. Namely, it enhances the region’s holistic landscape diversity but causes fragmentation and aggregation of landscape patches in local areas. The agricultural landscape pattern transitions within the farming range in the study area are manifested primarily in four modes: sloping farmland-orchard conversion type (FOCT), comprehensive conversion type (CCT), partially abandoned type (PAT), and wholly abandoned type (WAT). Each transition mode reveals different development stages of the mountainous agricultural landscape patterns. In general, the agricultural landscape pattern transition is driven by socioeconomic factors in mountainous areas of the TGRA and is bidirectional. This attribute is expressed as the transition from the traditional grain-planting landscape with an even distribution to the eco-economic win-win orchard in valleys and transitions from sloping farmland to abandoned land in high-elevation areas. Overall, the results of this study reveal the uniqueness of agricultural landscape pattern evolutions in China’s mountainous areas in recent decades, which has enlightened the in-depth understandings of rural land use and agricultural ecosystems in mountainous areas of the TGRA, as well as improvements in rural developments and ecological environments.  相似文献   

能源转型背景下不可忽视的新能源:天然氢     

田黔宁  张炜  王海华  邵明娟  姚树青 《中国地质调查》2022,9(1):1-15

世界能源结构正面临着从化石能源向非化石能源过渡的第3次转变,氢气作为易燃且燃烧时不产生污染的清洁能源,将在其中起到重要作用.目前,氢的工业生产主要通过煤、天然气等化石燃料以及电解水制取,对天然氢的勘探开发刚刚起步,仅在非洲马里开采出天然氢.但是,天然氢已在世界各地被陆续发现,据相关文献报道:天然氢可能来源于深源、水岩反...  相似文献   

青藏高原及邻区大地构造单元初步划分   总被引：146，自引：59，他引：146  

潘桂棠  李兴振等 《地质通报》2002,21(11):701-707

青藏高原及邻区大地构造单元的划分是当前该地区板块构造精细结构研究的关键,也是板内构造研究的基础理论问题。本文在前人工作的基础上,结合青藏高原及邻区新一轮1∶25万区域地质调查成果,基于多岛弧盆系的形成是大洋向大陆岩石圈构造体制演化转换的标志这一认识,将弧-弧、弧-陆及陆-陆碰撞结合带和夹持于其间的陆块、岩浆弧划分为一级单元,构成青藏高原及邻区构造单元的基本骨架;以南昆仑俯冲碰撞结合带和班公湖-丁青-碧土-昌宁-孟连结合带为界,划分出:泛华夏大陆早古生带秦祁昆构造区、泛华夏大陆晚古生代—三叠纪羌塘-三江构造区及冈瓦纳北缘晚古生代—中生代冈瓦纳-喜马拉雅构造区。这样的厘定不仅对青藏高原及邻区的地质科学研究具有重要的理论意义,而且对青藏高原空白区区域地质调查和成矿地质条件分析等也有重要的实际意义。  相似文献   

1949-2007年登陆我国变性热带气旋的特征统计及合成分析   总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1  

袁娟娟  丁治英  王莉 《热带气象学报》2011,27(4):529-541

利用1949-2007年热带气旋年鉴等资料,统计分析登陆中国并在我国或附近变性的热带气旋的特征,着重分析不同区域及路径的变性气旋特征.分析结果得出,登陆我国的热带气旋很多,但在我国及附近沿海变性的却较少,大多数热带气旋变性后不发展或迅速衰减,只有约17％的变性热带气旋继续发展.热带气旋变性大多发生在114°E以东,移动...  相似文献   

Viscosity of microlite-bearing rhyolitic obsidians: an experimental study     

R. J. Stevenson  D. B. Dingwell  S. L. Webb  T. G. Sharp 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1996,58(4):298-309

 To investigate the influence of microlites on lava flow rheology, the viscosity of natural microlite-bearing rhyolitic obsidians of calc-alkaline and peralkaline compositions containing 0.1–0.4 wt.% water was measured at volcanologically relevant temperatures (650–950  °C), stresses (10³–10⁵ Pa) and strain rates (10^–5 to 10^–7 s^–1). The glass transition temperatures (T _g ) were determined from scanning calorimetric measurements on the melts for a range of cooling/heating rates. Based on the equivalence of enthalpic (calorimetric) and shear (viscosity) relaxation, we calculated the viscosity of the melt in crystal-bearing samples from the T _g data. The difference between the calculated viscosity of the melt phase and the measured viscosity for the crystal-bearing samples is interpreted to be the physical effect of microlites on the measured viscosity. The effect of <5 vol.% rod-like microlites on the melt rheology is negligible. Microlite-rich and microlite-poor samples from the same lava flow and with identical bulk chemistry show a difference of 0.6 log₁₀ units viscosity (Pa s), interpreted to be due to differences in melt chemistry caused by the presence of microlites. The only major differences between measured and calculated viscosities were for two samples: a calc-alkaline rhyolite with 1 vol.% branching crystals, and a peralkaline rhyolite containing crystal-rich bands with >45 vol.% crystals. For both of these samples a connectivity factor is apparent, with, for the latter, a close packing framework of crystals which is interpreted to influence the apparent viscosity. Received: 14 March 1996 / Accepted: 30 May 1996  相似文献   

Suspended sediment concentration and the ripple–dune transition     

Robert J. Schindler  Andr Robert 《水文研究》2004,18(17):3215-3227

Flume experiments were conducted in order to monitor changes in flow turbulence intensity and suspended sediment concentration at seven stages across the ripple–dune transition and at three different positions above the bed surface. Three‐dimensional velocity measurements were obtained using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV). Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) was monitored indirectly using ADV signal amplitude. Although limited to time‐averaged parameters, the analysis reveals that SSC varies significantly with stage across the transition and with sampling height. The statistical analysis also reveals an apparent uniformity of suspended sediment concentration with height above the bed in the lower half of the flow depth at the critical stage in the transition from ripples to dunes. This is also the stage at which turbulence intensity is maximized. Statistically significant correlations were also observed between suspended sediment concentrations and root‐mean‐square values of vertical velocity fluctuations. These correlations reflect the various levels of shear‐layer activity and the distinct turbulent flow regions across the transition. Conversely, time‐averaged values of Reynolds shear stress exhibit a very weak relationship with suspended sediment concentrations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Enhancement of the helium resonance lines in the solar atmosphere by suprathermal electron excitation – I. Non-thermal transport of helium ions     

G. R. Smith  C. Jordan 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2002,337(2):666-676

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Role of temporal resolution of meteorological inputs for process‐based snow modelling          下载免费PDF全文

Mohammad M. Sohrabi  Daniele Tonina  Rohan Benjankar  Mukesh Kumar  Patrick Kormos  Danny Marks 《水文研究》2018,32(19):2976-2989

Accurate snow accumulation and melt simulations are crucial for understanding and predicting hydrological dynamics in mountainous settings. As snow models require temporally varying meteorological inputs, time resolution of these inputs is likely to play an important role on the model accuracy. Because meteorological data at a fine temporal resolution (~1 hr) are generally not available in many snow‐dominated settings, it is important to evaluate the role of meteorological inputs temporal resolution on the performance of process‐based snow models. The objective of this work is to assess the loss in model accuracy with temporal resolution of meteorological inputs, for a range of climatic conditions and topographic elevations. To this end, a process‐based snow model was run using 1‐, 3‐, and 6‐hourly inputs for wet, average, and dry years over Boise River Basin (6,963 km²), which spans rain dominated (≤1,400 m), rain–snow transition (>1,400 and ≤1,900 m), snow dominated below tree line (>1,900 and ≤2,400 m), and above tree line (>2,400 m) elevations. The results show that sensitivity of the model accuracy to the inputs time step generally decreases with increasing elevation from rain dominated to snow dominated above tree line. Using longer than hourly inputs causes substantial underestimation of snow cover area (SCA) and snow water equivalent (SWE) in rain‐dominated and rain–snow transition elevations, due to the precipitation phase mischaracterization. In snow‐dominated elevations, the melt rate is underestimated due to errors in estimation of net snow cover energy input. In addition, the errors in SCA and SWE estimates generally decrease toward years with low snow mass, that is, dry years. The results indicate significant increases in errors in estimates of SCA and SWE as the temporal resolution of meteorological inputs becomes coarser than an hour. However, use of 3‐hourly inputs can provide accurate estimates at snow‐dominated elevations. The study underscores the need to record meteorological variables at an hourly time step for accurate process‐based snow modelling.  相似文献   

An Impulsive Heating Model for the Evolution of Coronal Loops     

Li Feng  Wei-Qun Gan Purple Mountain Observatory  Chinese Academy of Sciences  Nanjing  Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research  Max-Planck-Str.    Katlenburg-Lindau  Germany 《中国天文和天体物理学报》2006,6(5)

It was suggested by Parker that the solar corona is heated by many small energy release events generally called microflares or nanoflares. More and more observations showed flows and intensity variations in nonflaring loops. Both theories and observations have indicated that the heating of coronal loops should actually be unsteady. Using SOLFTM (Solar Flux Tube Model), we investigate the hydrodynamics of coronal loops undergoing different manners of impulsive heating with the same total energy deposition. The half length of the loops is 110 Mm, a typical length of active region loops. We divide the loops into two categories: loops that experience catastrophic cooling and loops that do not. It is found that when the nanoflare heating sources are in the coronal part, the loops are in non-catastrophic-cooling state and their evolutions are similar. When the heating is localized below the transition region, the loops evolve in quite different ways. It is shown that with increasing number of heating pulses and inter-pulse time, the catastrophic cooling is weakened, delayed, or even disappears altogether.  相似文献   

Coronal heating and acceleration of the high/low-speed solar wind by fast/slow MHD shock trains   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Takeru K. Suzuki † 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2004,349(4):1227-1239

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