Determining magma flow in sills,dykes and laccoliths and their implications for sill emplacement mechanisms     

Ken Thomson 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2007,70(2):183-201

Three-dimensional seismic data from the Faeroe-Shetland Basin provides detailed information on the relationships between sills, dykes, laccoliths and contemporaneous volcanic activity. The data shows that sills are predominantly concave upwards, being complete or partial versions of radially or bilaterally symmetrical forms that possess flat inner saucers connected to a flat outer rim by a steeply inclined sheet. Such morphologies are only partially modified by pre-existing faults. Sills can be sourced from dykes or the steep climbing portions of deeper sills. Both sills and dykes can provide magma to overlying volcanic fissures and sills can be shown to feed shallow laccoliths. Magma flow patterns, as revealed by opacity rendering, suggest that sills propagate upwards and outwards away from the magma feeder. As an individual sill can consist of several leaves emplaced at different stratigraphic levels, and as a sill or dyke can provide magma to volcanic fissures, other sills and laccoliths, the data suggests that neutral buoyancy concepts may not provide a complete explanation for the mechanism and level of sill emplacement. Instead, the data suggests that the presence of lithological contrasts, particularly ductile horizons such as overpressured shales may permit sill formation at any level below the neutrally buoyant level. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Ken Thomson–deceased, April 2007  相似文献   

近50年火山喷发和太阳活动对我国气候影响的研究   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8  

贾朋群  石广玉 《高原气象》2001,20(3):225-233

利用特征向量分析与时序叠加分析和谱分析相结合的方法，分析了近50a来我国地面气温和降水场中火山喷发和太阳活动的气候信号，强烈的火山喷发导致全国大部分地区降温，喷发1a多以后降温最明显，并能持续约半年。除这个主信号以外，青藏高原、东南沿海和东北地区都可能出现较为复杂的温度变化，温度变化与太阳活动之间的联系更多地反映在二者的振荡关系上。在降水场中的火山信号较弱，表现为火山喷发后的秋冬季节南方地区降水偏多。在青藏高原积雪和深层地温的变化中，没有发现火山和太阳活动信号。  相似文献   

北半球冬季纬向平均环流的结构及对我国气候的影响   总被引：21，自引：10，他引：21  

龚道溢  王绍武 《地理科学》2001,21(2):108-112

冬季对流层纬圈平均纬向风 (u)最主要的模态表现为两个相反符号的极值中心 ,一个在 30°～ 35°N之间 ,另一个则在 5 5°N。与此相联系的纬圈平均高度场最突出的模态也是有两个相反符号的中心 ,一个在 40°N附近 ,另外一个则在 6 5°N附近。因此 40°N和 6 5°N纬圈平均位势高度的差可以很好定义西风指数。西风环流的强弱不仅对北半球的气候有显著影响 ,对我国冬季的气温和降水也有显著关系。在高指数环流盛行的年份 ,我国普遍气温偏高。 16 0个站平均气温与西风指数的相关系数达到 0 .6 3。同时华北及以南降水增加 ,其中黄土高原、关中平原及以东地区相关最显著。 16 0站平均降水量与西风指数的相关达 0 .38。高指数年份里 ,西伯利亚高压和东亚大槽都减弱 ,低指数年份则增强 ,因此影响我国冬季气候  相似文献   

粤东嵩溪银锑矿床成矿构造及矿化富集规律浅析   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

曾茂华 《矿产与地质》2001,15(6):712-717

论述了嵩溪银锑矿床的地质特征、矿脉形态特征及组构特征，通过分析得出矿床成矿断裂的产生有四个阶段，其中银、锑矿化主要与第二、三阶段有关。  相似文献   

Phosphorus oxynitride PON, a silica analogue: structure and compression of the cristobalite-like phase; P –T phase diagram     

J. M. Léger  J. Haines  C. Chateau  G. Bocquillon  M. W. Schmidt  S. Hull  F. Gorelli  A. Lesauze  R. Marchand 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2001,28(6):388-398

 The structure of the cristobalite-like polymorph of phosphorus oxynitride PON has been refined using neutron powder diffraction data. It is tetragonal, space group I&4macr;2d, Z=4. The four P–(O,N) distances are equal but the tetrahedron is compressed along c. In AX₂ or ABX₄ compounds, the tetragonal I&4macr;2d or I&4macr; structure is obtained when the average ratio of the cation to anion radius is below 1.186, whereas the tetragonal P4₁2₁2 or orthorhombic C222₁ structure is obtained at low temperatures for larger ratios. The cell parameters of this PON polymorph have been determined as a function of hydrostatic pressure by in situ angle dispersive X-ray powder diffraction in a diamond-anvil cell. Under truly hydrostatic pressure, a strong anisotropic behavior is observed with the c parameter being nearly incompressible. Very slight anisotropic stress strongly modifies the high-pressure behavior. According to the pressure-temperature conditions of treatment, three phases, cristobalite-, moganite-, and quartz-like, have been obtained by quenching experiments, and the P–T phase diagram of PON was derived. The high-pressure behavior of the α-quartz, moganite, and cristobalite-like polymorphs of PON and SiO₂ is discussed. Received: 7 August 2000 / Accepted: 21 January 2001  相似文献   

火山地区二维自然电位异常反演   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

张贵宾 Aubert  M 《地球物理学报》1996,39(6):835-844

将线性反演理论与正则化法相结合，提出一个火山地区二维自然电位（ＳＰ）异常反演方法．地下岩浆活动（对流体）是引起自电异常的极化源，反演的目的是计算地下视极化强度分布和极化源中心位置．可以通过用已知的各种资料改变地下极化源区域（简称源区）的方式来进行多次反演，以便获得一个比较合理的地下视极化强度分布模型．最后，分别给出意大利和墨西哥的两个火山地区的自然电位异常分析结果．  相似文献   

Pyroclastic flows and surges over water: an example from the 1883 Krakatau eruption     

S. Carey  H. Sigurdsson  C. Mandeville  S. Bronto 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1996,57(7):493-511

Pyroclastic deposits from the 1883 eruption of Krakatau are described from areas northeast of the volcano on the islands of Sebesi, Sebuku, and Lagoendi, and the southeast coast of Sumatra. Massive and poorly stratified units formed predominantly from pyroclastic flows and surges that traveled over the sea for distances up to 80 km. Granulometric and lithologic characteristics of the deposits indicate that they represent the complement of proximal subaerial and submarine pyroclastic flow deposits laid down on and close to the Krakatau islands. The distal deposits exhibit a decrease in sorting coefficient, median grain size, and thickness with increasing distance from Krakatau. Crystal fractionation is consistent with the distal facies being derived from the upper part of gravitationally segregated pyroclastic flows in which the relative amount of crystal enrichment and abundance of dense lithic clasts diminished upwards. The deposits are correlated to a major pyroclastic flow phase that occurred on the morning of 27 August at approximately 10 a.m. Energetic flows spread out away from the volcano at speeds in excess of 100 km/h and traveled up to 80 km from source. The flows retained temperatures high enough to burn victims on the SW coast of Sumatra. Historical accounts from ships in the Sunda Straits constrain the area affected by the flows to a minimum of 4x10³ km². At the distal edge of this area the flows were relatively dilute and turbulent, yet carried enough material to deposit several tens of centimeters of tephra. The great mobility of the Krakatau flows from the 10 a.m. activity may be the result of enhanced runout over the sea. It is proposed that the generation of steam at the flow/seawater interface may have led to a reduction in the sedimentation of particles and consequently a delay in the time before the flows ceased lateral motion and became buoyantly convective. The buoyant distal edge of these ash-and steam-laden clouds lifted off into the atmosphere, leading to cooling, condensation, and mud rain.  相似文献   

五大连池火山构造地震空间分布及其构造含义   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

张凤鸣  张守国 《东北地震研究》1996,12(4):17-22

在对五大连池地震台１９８３年以来观测到的五大连池火山区的地震记录复核的基础上，测定了火山构造地震的空间分布状态。研究结果表明该地区地震活动均为壳内地震。受火山构造环境影响，地震活动存在着外围边缘强，震源深度分布深；内部弱，震源深度分布浅的差异。火山区内部地震深度分布优势在５ｋｍ—８ｋｍ，有３个地震分布密集区，震中分布呈明显的沿火山构造断层成带分布特性。在地震条带交汇处，震源深度起伏变化大，是火山构造活动强烈部位  相似文献   

火山气溶胶的辐射影响   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

汪宏七  赵高祥 《大气科学》1992,16(6):755-760

本文应用辐射传输计算研究了火山气溶胶,特别是大的火山爆发后短时期及火山周围地区内的火山气溶胶,对到达地面的向下的总的太阳辐射通量、行星反照率及大气加热率的可能影响.  相似文献   

巴士系构造的地震危险性   总被引：11，自引：6，他引：11  

丁原章  梁劳 《华南地震》1992,12(2):1-14

在北东东向分布的华南地震带内,从巴士海峡到闽粤赣三省交界有呈北西向分布的地震密集带。它与北西向分布的巴士系断裂构造相一致。此组构造与华南地区其他北西向构造的重要区别在于,它起自菲律宾海板块的边缘,其动力主要来自该板块向欧亚板块不均匀的推挤作用。巴士系构造是华南地区新构造活动性最强的构造,沿着此组断裂曾有过大量强烈的地震活(?),包括6级、7级和8级地震。在未来10年内,此带的强震活动有逼近粤东、闽南沿海地区的趋势。  相似文献